Lake Mungo Oldest Human Remains in Australia

Lake Mungo is the name of a dry lake basin which includes several archaeological sites, including human skeletal remains from the oldest known individual in Australia, who died at least 40,000 years ago. Lake Mungo covers about 2,400 square kilometers (925 square miles) in the Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area in the southwest Murray-Darling basin in western New South Wales, Australia. Lake Mungo is one of five major small dry lakes in Willandra Lakes, and it is in the central portion of the system. When it contained water, it was filled by overflow from the adjacent Lake Leagher; all of the lakes in this area are dependent on inflow from Willandra Creek. The deposit in which the archaeological sites lie is a transverse lunette, a crescent-shaped dune deposit which is 30 km (18.6 mi) long and variable in its age of deposition. Ancient Burials Two burials were found in Lake Mungo. The burial which is  known as Lake Mungo I (also known as Lake Mungo 1 or Willandra Lakes Hominid 1, WLH1) was discovered in 1969. It includes the cremated human remains (both cranial and postcranial fragments) from a young adult female. The cremated bones, cemented into place at the time of discovery, were likely interred in a shallow grave on the shores of the freshwater Lake Mungo. Direct radiocarbon analysis of the bones returned dates between 20,000 to 26,000 years ago (RCYBP). The Lake Mungo III (or Lake Mungo 3 or Willandra Lakes Hominid 3, WLH3) burial, located 450 meters (1,500 feet) from the cremation site, was a fully articulated and intact human skeleton, discovered in 1974. The adult male body had been sprinkled with powdered red ochre at the time of the burial. Direct dates on the skeletal materials by thermoluminescence ages of 43 to 41,000 years ago, and by thorium/uranium are 40,000 /- 2,000 years old, and dating of the sands using Th/U (thorium/uranium) and Pa/U (protactinium/uranium) dating methodologies produced dates for the burial ranging between 50 and 82,000 years ago Mitochondrial DNA has been retrieved from this skeleton. Other Features of the Sites Archaeological traces of human occupation at Lake Mungo apart from the burials are in abundance. Features identified in the vicinity of the burials on the shore of the ancient lake include animal bone deposits, hearths, flaked stone artifacts, and grinding stones. The grinding stones were used for a wide variety of things, including the production of stone tools such as ground-edge axes and hatchets, as well as for processing seeds, bone, shell, ochre, small animals, and medicines. Shell middens are rare in Lake Mungo, and when they do occur are small, indicating that shellfish did not play a large role in the diets of the people who lived there. Several hearths have been found that include high percentages of fishbone, often all golden perch. Many of the hearths include fragments of shellfish, and the occurrence of these seems to suggest shellfish was a fallback food.   Flaked Tools and Animal Bone Over one hundred worked stone tools and about the same number of unworked debitage (debris from stone working) were found in a surface and subsurface deposit. Most of the stone was locally available silcrete, and the tools were a variety of scrapers. Animal bone from the hearths included a variety of mammals (likely wallaby, kangaroo, and wombat), bird, fish (almost all golden perch, Plectorplites ambiguus), shellfish (almost all Velesunio ambiguus), and emu eggshell. Three tools (and a possible fourth) made from mussel shells found at Lake Mungo exhibited polish, deliberate notching, chipping, exfoliation of the shell layer at the working edge, and edge rounding. The use of mussel shells has been documented in several historic and prehistoric groups in Australia, for scraping hides and processing plant material and animal meat. Two of the shells were recovered from a level dated between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago; a third was from 40,000 to 55,000 years ago. Dating Lake Mungo The continuing controversy about Lake Mungo concerns the dates of the human interments, figures which vary greatly depending on which method the scholar uses, and whether the date is directly on the bones of the skeletons themselves or on the soils in which the skeletons were interred. It is very difficult for those of us not involved in the discussion to say which is the most convincing argument; for various reasons, direct dating has not been the panacea that it often is in other contexts. The underlying issue is the globally-recognized difficulty with dating dune (wind-lain) deposits and the fact that the organic materials of the site lie at the outer edge of usable radiocarbon dating. Study of the geological stratigraphy of the dunes identified the presence of an island in Lake Mungo that was used by humans at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. That means that aboriginal occupants of Australia likely still used watercraft to navigate coastal regions, a skill they used to colonize Australias Sahul some 60,000 years ago. Sources Bowler, James M., et al. New Ages for Human Occupation and Climatic Change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 421.6925 (2003): 837–40. Print.Durband, Arthur C., Daniel R. T. Rayner, and Michael Westaway. A New Test of the Sex of the Lake Mungo 3 Skeleton. Archaeology in Oceania 44.2 (2009): 77–83. Print.Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E., Nicola Stern, and Colin V. Murray-Wallace. Depositional History and Archaeology of the Central Lake Mungo Lunette, Willandra Lakes, Southeast Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 41.0 (2014): 349–64. Print.Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E., et al. The Mungo Mega-Lake Event, Semi-Arid Australia: Non-Linear Descent into the Last Ice Age, Implications for Human Behaviour. PLOS ONE 10.6 (2015): e0127008. Print.Fullagar, Richard, et al. Evidence for Pleistocene Seed Grinding at Lake Mungo, South-Eastern Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 50 (2015): 3–19. Print.Fullagar, Richard, et al. The Scale of Seed Grinding at Lake Mungo. Archaeology in Oceania 50.3 (2015): 177–79. Print.Hill, Ethan C., and Arthur C. Durband. Mobility and Subsistence at the Willandra Lakes: A Comparative Analysis of Femoral Cross-Sectional Properties in the Lake Mungo 3 Skeleton. Journal of Human Evolution 73.0 (2014): 103–06. Print.Long, Kelsie, et al. Fish Otolith Geochemistry, Environmental Conditions and Human Occupation at Lake Mungo, Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 88.0 (2014): 82–95. Print.Long, Kelsie, et al. Fish Otolith Microchemistry: Snapshots of Lake Conditions During Early Human Occupation of Lake Mungo, Australia. Quaternary International 463 (2018): 29–43. Print.Stern, Nicola. The Archaeology of the Willandra: Its Empirical Structure and Narrative Potential. Long History, Deep Time: Deepening Histories of Place. Eds. McGrath, Ann, and Mary Anne Jebb. Acton, Australia: Aboriginal History, Inc., Australian National University Press, 2015. 221–40. Print.Weston, Erica, Katherine Szabà ³, and Nic ola Stern. Pleistocene Shell Tools from Lake Mungo Lunette, Australia: Identification and Interpretation Drawing on Experimental Archaeology. Quaternary International 427 (2017): 229–42. Print.

Television Effects On Children s Eating Habits - 2617 Words

Television Advertisement Effects on Children’s Eating Habits McDonalds Restaurant recently added a new marketing strategy to their kid’s meal for children to have in their food trays. Children sit at the table, have fun and begin eating burgers. McDonalds usually incorporate and include as an added feature, the most popular and in demand movie characters in their happy meal advertisement strategies. McDonalds Corporation uses the small, yellow and cylindrical looking characters called Minions which are the little funny characters displayed in the movie â€Å"Despicable Me 2†. This is how advertisers attract the audiences and it increases the audience interest because it depicts a false impression that they will have fun with cute minions while eating a happy meal. In this way the promoters impress children and make them to buy the happy meal. There is a misleading message that if customers’ buy the happy meal, they will be happy like the minions. Furthermore, if one purchases a happy meal, one would get a free minion toy a s an added incentive to purchase. This is one of McDonalds premium offer tactics used to encourage the audience to purchase the meal. In addition to such tactic, they display a smiley face sign in the happy meal box. This is where the concept of naming the food, â€Å"Happy Meal† theme from. After watching this commercial, children will tend to desire to eat this food and the parents’ will in most cases purchase these unhealthy foods for their children because ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Television On Obesity And Obesity1575 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Television on Obesity Jacqueline Estrada California State University, Fullerton In today’s world television has become one of the most popular and frequently used pastimes. With the increase of technology available today people can now watch television on their phones, laptops, and tablets wherever they go. 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Dear Professor Wiesel Free Essays

Dear Professor Wisest, My name is (name here), a (grade) at Esters (School). My English class had Just finished your book â€Å"Night†, and I must say it was one of the most interesting books I’ve read in awhile. I was extremely excited when my teacher first proposed the idea of reading a survivors story of the Holocaust. We will write a custom essay sample on Dear Professor Wiesel or any similar topic only for you Order Now I had found it very fascinating to hear a story coming from you, being a survivor of the Holocaust. First, after analyzing details of the book â€Å"Night†, I feel several things need to be read and acknowledge by every human being in order to prevent future mass encodes such as the Holocaust. It seems to me that genocide starts as Just a small idea and in no time it spreads Just as a wild fire would, it grows rapidly. It’s absolutely disgusting to know discrimination amongst differences still exists in today’s society and eventually leads to the same conclusion. â€Å"Night†, I feel is a great attempt to end discrimination and genocide which is why I truly admire what you have done by reliving your horrific experience in order to teach the world more about the Holocaust from a different perspective. Next, having to live in such a such confined place such as Auschwitz with little food and water is hard enough, but having to cope with such pain from seeing your whole family die along with friends and family for no reason is Just speechless. I had a real tough time coping with a family member death who passed away from old age. Just thinking of what I’d do if I found out my parent’s or sister were dead is unimaginable, let alone seeing them die. I honestly don’t know how you did it. What did you look up towards? What were you thinking of doing? Being alive now must be official at some points from the terrifying memories that run through your head. In conclusion, I really want to thank you for having the courage to write this story in such great details. You’ve not only changed others perspectives on discrimination and genocide, you’ve change mine as well. There was so many details that I feel I could reread this book multiple times and pick up something new each time. Thanks for facing the terrible time in your life in order to teach others and giving us a closer look at humanity’s darkest hours. Thanks, (name here) Dear Professor Wisest By motorbike How to cite Dear Professor Wiesel, Papers

Cultural Anthropology Book Report Essay Example For Students

Cultural Anthropology Book Report Essay Classical Readings on Cultural Anthropology By Gary Ferraro What do we have to learn through the study of different cultures? I was hoping for some wonderful revelation in the collection of writings. I may have found one. This book was a difficult read for me. I am not sure whether its my age or my inexperience with classical readings. I also found it difficult to formulate a report on a collection of readings, the last report I did was on Laura Ingalls Little House on the Prairie. This reading was a little more challenging. The main point that seemed to jump out at me is that perceptions change, our theory of reality changes with every viewpoint. Every culture can seem primitive, self destructive, nonsensical, immoral or just wrong, depending on who is doing the observation and what perspective they are observing from. In the first reading, Narcirema, points very clearly to the fact that our own culture could seem very odd, irrational, and ritualistic to an outsider. But arent we all outsiders to everyone else? Dont we see ourselves as normal and everyone else as abnormal? I think it is human nature more than ethnocentrism. My daily rituals would seem very irrational to another woman of my age in different circumstances. Thats where the saying comes from that you dont really know a person till you walk a mile in their shoes. The second reading of Queer Customs gets right to my point that culture is an abstraction; therefore each person doing the viewing views it differently. Culture is pointed out as being a way of thinking, feeling, and believing and since I have never met anyone who thought exactly the way I did about everything, one would have to conclude that we each have our own culture and our own views of other cultures. I wasnt really sure that the next reading really fit in with the others in the book. Rapport-talk versus Report-talk seemed insignificant to the other passages. It is a well-known fact, in all walks of life that men and women of any race, creed, or culture are different and that we have different and sometimes contrasting ways of communicating with each other. I was surprised to find this seemingly simple theory in this book. Yet again back to my question; am I getting the intended message from the author? The Christmas Ox story made so much more sense to me and had great importance when I read the passage on Potlach. This helped solidify my thinking about how perception and perspective changes reality. When Richard Borshay Lee wrote about the conundrum with the ox, he was writing from the perspective of hurt feelings. He had spent a year with these people and they humiliated him and hurt him and he needed to find out why. Then along comes someone else, Marvin Harris, and he uses the exact same incident as an amusing story to point out the need of the peoples to curb the ego. I dont think Mr. Lee thought is was amusing at the time, however that is how Mr. Harris perceived it. I dont think that either of these stories belonged in the Economics and Ecology section. It appears to me that Mr. Harris has taken his theory way beyond the economical points of world cultures. He seems much more interested in exploring the theory of why we work at jobs and are not just self-sustaining. He gives much credence to the fact that if we would return to the hunter-gatherer state that we could work less and be better off. Next we move into the Marriage and Family Section, with a writing from Melvyn C. Goldstein. This was a much easier read for me less technical or scientific terms that I am as yet unfamiliar with. This was an interesting story of why one woman would take on many husbands in the Tibetan culture. .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 , .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .postImageUrl , .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 , .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:hover , .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:visited , .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:active { border:0!important; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:active , .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8 .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u091183a34865a2d192b47a88b9c019a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual Harassment Essay I thoroughly understood this passage and appreciated the insight given by the author. It appeared non-judgmental and non-condescending like some of the other passages I had read to this point. Death without Weeping by Nancy Scheper-Hughes takes you on a journey through the impoverished peoples of a Brazilian shantytown and the plight of infant .