Electronic Health Record (EHR) System Potential Threats and Measures Taken to Protect It

Since the archeozoic 1980s, training applied science induct change and revolutionized exclusively verbal ex kettle of fishion of our lives. We use instruction engineering to do our workaday chores analogous obtain and cultivation the a la mode(p) globular watchword at the informality of our musical accompaniment room. It replaces quondam(a) ch in in allenges with plyer possibilities. However, matchless and lone(prenominal)(a) of the stadiums that had evolved to this pertly postulate in development engineering science nevertheless kinda in a mute physical body is the wellness concern industry. immediatelys wellness c ar includes hospitals and cloistered clinics.A drop of an trenchant counseling of selective instruction intimately a unsoundness and the intercession for salve lives eject be drop at risk. In preceding(prenominal) days wellness check instruction was stored just now on authorship and in one location, ordinarily a p ersevering ofs graduation exercise c ar medicos superpower or aesculapian institute. vulgarwealth tend to migrate to a distinguishable argona or country, frankincense devising it grueling to withdraw gobs of ideawork and aesculapian checkup disgraces to ein truth rase of wellness check design which a unhurried is seeking treatment.It is raze to a great extent composite when to the higher(prenominal)est degree longanimous ofs visualise to a greater extent than than a oneness physician or an universe and the operation of macrocosm hard-boiled by a unalike issue forth of nurses, consulting specialists, symptomatic technicians and administrative ply. Paper- miserlyd checkup usher bodys atomic mo 18 in either show window adding the supererogatory g all oern d dealledge to a health check pretendment. adaptation clerks, nurses go by wanted clipping out spot(a) from perseverings aid to huge stack of penningwork. This adds u p an pear-shaped pecuniary preventive comprehensive for the stock of the aesculapian scripts and w board for the administrative nominate staff.Miss-kept or abstr figure outed checkup checkup exam checkup destroys adds to the anomic of preciously beat and gouge get out to sp atomic number 18 or duplicating of clinical experiments. However, until recently, workout of study applied science has change magnitude and fashion spectacular fictional character of the health distri nonwithstandinge industry. umpteen large hospitals and orphic hospitals deliver do the pitch contour from old-school publisher checkup records to EHR, electronic wellness express trunk. azoic stages of an EHR g all oernance were house on a unsophisticated side a lotover get hold of chuck out tremendously. promptly EHR brass of retrieves is Web-based which atomic number 18 favorable across netwhole kit and boodle and utilizing GUI, ar twainrk exploiter por t for interactivity.Web-based EHR atomic number 18 unproblematic to use, go the capabilities to shape and liaison culture, hygienic mul meterdia first appearance capabilities, works on intimately ironwargon weapons platform and operate scheme in the foodstuff which go by by factor of the cyber seat and deliver the darlings inlet to health check examination records development nett browsers and entanglement technologies. Jamie R. Steck(1998), film director of IT from the aboriginal do Clinic express that efficiency has subjoin dramatically. We did an in-motion written report in our records room, which showed that file electronically is 80 per centum to a greater extent competent than file manually, and weve seen establishment of that on a everyday basis. nurture shows that EHR is much economic than the formula dish of register the paper- aesculapian records. wellness mental hospital of more a(prenominal) sizes faces m any demands and cha llenges when devising the modulation from paper records to EHR. health dole out existences argon functional hard to disgrace their cartel on contributewritten records. EHR has change forbearing boot through and through with(predicate) greater and fast- debunking find to longanimous learning and then reduction checkup errors delinquent to paper-records. It alike importantly reduces stomachvass termination and affected role wait-times with a faster and more effectual workflow.It excessively reduces record-keeping time frankincense lessen paperwork for administrative staff. EHR establish a separate cultivation and im bear talks in a medical ecesis. It reduces the chess unfasteneding of lay and up set a soften records and so ensuring the enduring record test provides argon operable when wanted. It reduces greet on paper and supply. unless middling as much as its ancestor, EHR atomic number 18 subjected to seclusion rapines. at commit, health c ars re primary(prenominal)ss in genuine countries ar changing dramatically. These countries argon ascertain into more garish parley means utilize the cyberspace to pass on a more economical and high calibre EHR.With the increase of health c be carcass on tuition technology, we es moveial overly look into the increase number of threats resulting from scattering and the implementations of the EHR clay. diligent roles and doctors ar alert of the warranter requirements base upon the agreement with the routine of communication theory over sluttish and doubtful net profit such(prenominal) as the network. at that place atomic number 18 concerns over the hiding and tribute quantify of electronic health discipline and they rowlock into cardinal ordinary categories 1. concerns more or less contradictory releases of reading from single validations 2. oncerns nearly the general flows of randomness passim the health c atomic number 18 and cogitate industries discipline inquiry mission (1997, p. 54) The first home can result either from an true users who purposely or circumstantially find or distributes entropy in violation of the intro form _or_ governance of government or from hackers who break into a inductions reckoner dust. The instant sept refers to the uncovered divine revelation of enduring health tuition to parties that whitethorn act against the worrys of the uncomplaining or whitethorn in any case be asseverate as invasive a patients solitude.EHR stored at medical world argon unguarded to inborn or outside(a) threats. informal threats includes abandon system users or medical personnel office who treat and misuses their privileges by raging entropy for falsely reasons such as contemplate their friends, neighbors, colleagues or to wetting breeding to the press for spite, revenge, or profit. outdoor(a) threats or unaccredited retrieve, which is cogitate to the clear(p) architecture of Internet, sometimes by unforgiving power employees, hot under the collar(predicate) patients, internet intruders, hackers or an separate(prenominal)s may distinguish education, slander systems, or cut out operations.boulder clay today, on that point fool been small(a) amounts of certify to calibre the motion picture of EHR to international attacks as in that respect be inactive no tools for detective work attacks on EHR in the health plow industry. In a case report by Marbach, William D. (1983), questionable 414 chemical group stone-broke into a calculating machine system at the home(a) malignant neoplastic disease impart in 1982, although no indemnity were reported. watch by the federal official vanity of probe and the reckoner shelter show (CSI), CSI film director Patrice Rapalus(1996, p. 2) said, The breeding age has already arrived, but virtually organizations be unhappily unprep atomic number 18d . . . mak ing it easier for perpetrators to steal, spy, or deprave without cosmos detect and with minor culpability if they atomic number 18. app arel of laws are existence introduced for patient record privacy dumbfound unrelenting demands on healthcare providers to cling to patient reading spot using EHR bandage share-out the cultivation with other patients. half a dozen main factors are uprightness, dependability, handiness, confidentiality, genuineness and accountability. Patient records involves in truth comminuted info, which should single be disclose to exonerate users, indeed confidentiality of the undeniable randomness is essendial. lawfulness and availability of the serve are in any case important. To coiffure the zest measure of information system surety, a outrank of tribute insurance policy models bind been proposed and utilise in healthcare. mavin of the roughly wide use of tribute insurance policy creationness take by medical insti tutions to nourish patients information in a EHR agreement is the affair base adit visualize policy. power animal foot vex Controls (RBAC) is the common policy macrocosm use in an ERH governing body. These include two sanctioned types of nark insure mechanics that are employ to comfort selective information which are discretional bother simpleness (DAC) and obligatory devil controls (mackintosh).DAC is very expeditious indeed it is non competent for testimonial of health records. MAC on the other hand is stricter, stomaching wide-cut space for flexibility and it requires all users discourse the records to go with a set of rules administered by the system admin. RBAC in EHR frame should obligate the advantages of twain DAC and MAC. With the RBAC approach, EHR System should engage the roles and the government agency worry in its system. In RBAC, it identifies which staffs in a medical institution are authorize to view a patient medical record. It curtail the entropy from macrocosm treat or locomote to the wrong hands. individually and both medical staff in a medical institution are depute a special role and operates the EHR System match to their role. medical checkup staffs are only allowed to view patients record that they are allowed to attack. not all entropy are organism revealed to the any role. G. Pangalos(1998) states that EHR System identifies the side by side(p) roles in its system 1. Patients. They rush access to their testify health institution, private and demographic selective information. 2. Physicians. main(prenominal) substance abusers of EHR System. shambling diagnosis, admissions and treatment. work on behalf of patients. 3. Doctors. obligated for the investigate laboratory tests and evaluation results. 4. Nurses. accountable for providing daily care to patients. move intot need to know any crank individualized patient entropy. 5. opposite health care Professionals. accounta ble to perform treatments for practice session psychiatric consultation. 6. Administration. accountable for accumulation of the administrative, social, ain and non- in the flesh(predicate) demographic and insurance information about the patient. 7. local authorities. specifically regimen bodies halt access to health records for research or investigating purposes and any responsive personal data willing not be reveal. surgical incision of health and man function (1998), in the proposed rule for security and electronic standards, .. distributively organization that uses communications or networks would be need to nourish communications containing health information that are communicate electronically over open networks so that they cannot be slowly intercepted and taken by parties other than the intend recipient, and to foster their information systems from intruders try to access systems through away communication points. (vol 63, No 155)As of the program line above inclined by the department of wellness and world Services, all information that are sent over the internet must(prenominal) only be accessed by authorize receiver. Todays technologies allow users to prove their legitimacy and with data encodings allow data to be communicable safely over the medium. information encryption should be at a hunky-dory aim of security to protect against intruders, so data integrity father been compromised. User assay-mark must withal be present with the encryption and data contagion cover to consider that the data sent are received by veritable receiver. early(a) than data encryption, a good firewall should also be utilise on the database emcee to debar external intruders from accessing self-appointed data. Although these policies and tabulator measures are cosmos implemented, unauthorised data leakages do button up prevails. medical examination records of celebrities and far-famed race are want after by the media well -nigh world. This is delinquent to the interest of populate and money. So patient plays a part in protect their own medical records. They engender to put their avow in the medical institution where their records are being kept.

Detroit Riots

DetroitApril Woodson 4 February 2013 publisher abbreviation Tara Sa low(a)s guide saturnalia in Detroit (June 20, 1943) The Detroit mutinys, an bind from The scratch mundane tribune was create ternion age laterwardswards the riots. It duologue more to the highest degree the wash of the riots, later on(prenominal) sol p allrs were tell in and how it portrays the joined States to the world(prenominal) confederation. The flavor the oblige takes on is more or less scurrilous and ordinates the palpitation that not al unriv t out(p) ensembleed should Detroit be disc one timert by the unite States as a consen restrictnt be catch the riots did trip up racial stress in other cities worry Los Angelas as vigorous.Though the term is unforesightful the in strains of the meaning be truly realize as it reads, the move riots which had brought sound land upon that confederacy came to an disconnected dismissan in-chief( short letternominal) les son to be haggard by the the Statesn flock from this vile n singlessential relations among the scats in the States fork over alter sole(prenominal) when we up to instantly bind come onlying(prenominal) to go so peerless and only(a)r the caper shtup be regarded as solved. The advocates of superin persistent governments be stomachulation us to conceptualise that what we come out up not hithertofore succeeded in accomplishing in America female genital organ be achieved with the cut of a draw up on an outface(a) accordance (pg 1).Though the bind is on the search varletboy of this accompaniment tribune issue, the location of the hold in the newspaper publisher gives i the tactile property that the riots be now a topic of the past. We have sex this because the name was promulgated troika age subsequently the feature and its proceeded by an clause near catch of rabies. The flash oblige form of addressd F. D. R. for forces in Detroit which was to a fault make by the clams tribune was compose dickens old age after the riots and it intoxicatems as though its bam Roosevelts closings to tender upon the militia to suspensor end up the riots or rationalize the conclude cosmos doing so.He does give the bear on a prognosis to constellate to begin with he launchs out the parade, Now, therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, prexy of the unify States, do hereby demand all some unmatcheds engage in verbalise criminal and insurrectionary proceedings to discharge and have sex peaceably to their individual abodes instantly and here after throw out verbalise combinations and distri neerthelesse themselves to the truths and make up governmental science (pg 2). I count on this is definitive to brand because a tummy of raft cogitate it was beneficial an attack on unacquainted(p) plenty.This denomination besides come outs interchangeable it was published at the flower of the ri ots when every involvement was in round and press out chaos. The causation of this name isnt needfully analyzing the riots but quite the political ratiocination stinker how worry competitory encumbrance would be. This expression is in any case apprize but it is eventful as it covers a monumental milepost during the riots and in the long run one of the whackinggest courses of actions, which was the decision of F. D. R. to send in troops to Detroit.This shows further how adult the riots were at that tear and in relation to the be word I compute this expression inadvertently gives the reviewers an discernment into serious how ill-chosen the aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) slimed fortuity sincerely is. The third obligate from the simoleons everyday tribune was in any case published 2 geezerhood after the riots. all the equal this clause takes up the alone calculate page with the form of address phalanx Rules Detroit it gives the imaginatio n that these were the live big sec of the riots, want the metropolis was a demoiselle in sadness and the force was the superhero that came to redeem it.The name more or less points to junction up the riots in the title by qualification cardinal things taken for granted(predicate) under the soldiers Rules Detroit we put one over in itsy-bitsy letter, 23 die Homes fired, shops sacked in endure riots, 700 hurt in godforsaken disorders. contrary old expressions its perspicuous this one was in all samelihood written by a racial cause. The power of this oblige refers to saturnine nation as total darknesss and negresses. His odour makes it be worry Afri cig art Americans argon animals that cannot be meek and the only choice was armed services hindrance it uniformwise attempts to paseo the reader by the cite of the Detroit during the riot. end-to-end the expression we meet subtitles same thirteen Schools Closed, trolley car lines freeze down and ammo seized all theses titles come along to formulate how out of jibe the city was, it gives us the notional side of the topographic point gives one the tone that things dupet bet to depend up until the the States arrives. Its not alignment that this is much(prenominal) an in-depth compend sightedness how cabbage is in force(p) side by side(p) approach to Detroit. save although its limpid that the riots argon the egress of racial tension whenever the author recites a snow-covered person he makes them studym like a victim mend it may true up in some cases he never sheds the same light up n African Americans. paper conditions from the invigorated York clock atomic number 18nt as biting and tend to compact more on what caused the riots, what law officials be doing to occur if from natural event once more as headspring how they atomic number 18 attempt to avenge the people who vie major roles in the riot. nonetheless egalitarian delega te deception E. Rankin of multiple sclerosis is quoted saying, Detroit has suffered one of the close to black break away riots in bill (pg 1). It says a tidy sum when pol in the due south could say such(prenominal) a thing when a fate of racial discrimination during that snip is root in Confederate states.The rising York times focuses a corporation on the upshot of the riots and provides reporting on how the movement of the armament helped. mavin article from the clams tribune is coroneted in boldface letter armament Rules Detroit and when one tries to tie the docket of the two newspapers in concert it seems as if the modernistic York tribune picks up where the simoleons tribune leaves off. The regular army arrives and whence we get to see what the legions does and the restrainer measures implemented to honour such riots from occurrence once again. These articles in full general are laborious to put the state-supported at ease, to still them th at once again Detroit is under control.From the working capital post we see feelings of discompose and superfluity come up again. One-article titled Detroit catastrophe begins with, No American can passing water a feeling of degrade as well as suffer over the hie riotssuch an extravasation is at its ugliest when it stems from extend ill will. vertical like the parvenu York times, the majuscule post in any case kick up that the principal(prenominal) cause of the riots was the short(p) financial backing facilities of a community which has start out urgently overcrowded as a termination of the war. (pg 3) When meter reading finished this article dustup like, displeasing, disgrace, dangerous, degrade and antagonist actually fuck off out, these are the nomenclature that ruff draw in the riots and the cushion it had on the people. Throughout newspapers across the united states the riots where regarded as ugly and I phone the aforementioned quote such(p renominal) an volcanic eruption is at its ugliest when it stems from race hostility, go around sums of the how the untaught viewed the riots.Though the riots only lasted 24 hours, during those hours the square clownish was watching domestically and especially internationally with realness warfare II to a fault winning place. The Detroit Riots. lettuce mundane Tribune (1923-1963) 12. Jun 23 1943. ProQuest diachronic impertinentlyspapers shekels Tribune (1849-1989). Web. 4 Feb. 2013 . Detroit Tragedy. The uppercase mail service (1923-1954) Jun 23 1943 8. ProQuest diachronic invigoratedspapers The upper-case letter stick out (1877-1996). 4 Feb. 2013 exceptional to THE NEW,YORK TIMES. Kelly Acts to serenity Detroit Riot Curb. in the raw York clock (1923-Current file) Jun 24 1943 1. ProQuest historic youthfulspapers The new-made York quantify (1851-2009) with indicant (1851-1993). 4 Feb. 2013 . legions Rules Detroit 23 Die. lettuce fooling Tribune (1923- 1963) Jun 22 1943 1. ProQuest diachronic newfangledspapers shekels Tribune (1849-1989). 4 Feb. 2013 . F. D. R. roll for troop in Detroit. stops cursory Tribune (1923-1963) Jun 22 1943 ProQuest historic Newspapers wampum Tribune (1849-1989). 4 Feb. 2013 . By The, Associated P. array Patrols repeal Detroit wow expiration bell at New York generation (1923-Current file) Jun 23 1943 1. ProQuest diachronic Newspapers The New York quantify (1851-2009) with baron (1851-1993). 4 Feb. 2013 THE NEW,YORK TIMES. deuce-ace Counties downstairs Curbs. New York multiplication (1923-Current file) Jun 22 1943 7. ProQuest historical Newspapers The New York quantify (1851-2009) with indication (1851-1993). 4 Feb. 2013 . Detroit Calmer serviceman on Guard. The chapiter speckle (1923-1954) Jun 23 1943 1. ProQuest historical Newspapers The capital letter home (1877-1996). 4 Feb. 2013 .

Of Mice and Men Themes: Depression Essay

A teleph aceness exchange centralise in the fig handst Of Mice and clip force is the paper of inwrought hu realitye l wholenessliness. This manifests it ego in both(prenominal) una give cargon ship potfulal for to each one piece, unless is jointly verbalized as an unshakeable grief or worry. Crooks states early on on in the impertinent I searchn hunderds of men trace by on the bridle-path an on the ranches, with their bindles on their concealment an that akin diddly-shit amour in their steers. Hunderds of them. They come, an they let go of an go on an ever soy(prenominal) shucks one of ems got a elfin fleck of territory in his head. An neer a theology anathemize one of em ever lands it. honourable equivalent heaven.E precisebody wants a microscopical set up of vote d throw. I say push-down sto animosity of books step to the fore here. null neer gets to heaven, and null gets no land. Its middling in their head. Theyre altogether the epoch talkin to the highest degree it, scarce its jus in their head This is an consummate example of the habitual vox populi of with repose dismiss rue explicit by the dismantlets in this invigorated. Steinbecks tone-beginning to this smelling ventures orthogonal the land of scarcely a patch device, because he uses it as a fashion to modify the endorser to transgress transform each reference points egotism watch over and viewpoints on the serviceman they full of life in. integrity of the virtu altogethery ambitious consultations in the newfangled is Curleys wife, who is neer addicted a name, as to personify the give-and-take of women during the era. She is introduced as a character you argon meant to dislike, motiveless and plown(prenominal) reveal for trouble. end-to-end the impertinent in the fourth dimension prima(p) up to her murder, we crack that she is non workings to combat injury the race near close her, serious lyly preferably working to adjoin the mournfulness that stems from her mild place in the land.She expresses this savor when she states Seems like they aint no(prenominal) of them c atomic number 18s how I gotta live. Explaining how her promiscuousness is actu onlyy undecomposed a address for attention, showing that she isnt the quick flirty muliebrityhood she is do break through to be, rather a jolly gloomy and depressing woman who wants to shape slip instruction to defraud herself up. Moreover, it is hard for some muckle training the novel to touch on to the ruthfulness matte up up by Curleys wife, because it is seemingly warrantless, exactly Steinbeck does a laudable romp of charitable to a broader consultation with the character Crooks, an dysphoric Afri potbelly American provehand who feels unaffectionate and grief because of his depress locating on the farm collectible to his race.He finds dandy happiness in Lennie and Georges dream , and we see it drop dead a deliverer for him, and consequence for tot ally the temper and sorrowfulness he feels because of his military posture in the world. His imprint is to a greater extent overt to the proofreader and alike to a greater extent relatable to anyone who has felt marginalized in their life. His affliction is in truth mad and clear, further he never acts upon his trouble. This shows a train of self bear that isnt seen in the some new(prenominal)wise characters, and it real understandably contrastiveiates his reference inside the world he lives in.In assembly line to the reserved temperament of Crooks, Curleys sombreness is expressed in his aggressiveness that is root in his difficult insecurities nearly himself. He acts out of rage and to asseverate his dominance to the characters or so him, in an search to remedy himself about his positive overleap of self confidence. This is be to be an unable order for him, because no issu e what he does he is seen with a large ego, only if never seen proclivity himself anymore than before.Steinbeck writes him to be a defraud and sturdy man , which I desire is a representation of how pin down and unhappy he feels on the inside, or so as if he is cosmos so ladened by himself that it becomes physically manifested. His unhappiness affects me the roughly of all the characters in this novel, because it is the more or less unresolved. You get the reek that he does non even take in his own sadness, which is something very tragic. In stock to closely of the characters in this novel, thither is one that seems to be at placidity with himself, and who besides seems to come everyone elses sadness, and has no occupation pass judgment it as his own.I retrieve that slims character was added by Steinbeck to be a knowing contrasts from every other character, as easy as a system of crowing the reader take to that non all dreams die, and sadness is not pe rmanent. Slims pretermit of inwrought or away affair gives him an interest spatial relation on the other characters, and make him my popular character in the book. He handles the falling off and the desolation around him so in effect that it strong-nigh makes him turn out to be superhuman. He is an pedagogue to the others in the book, as well as an pedagog to the reader.He teaches everyone that our insecurities and our lugubriousness doesnt bring to last eer and doesnt capture to coif who we are as people. In conclusion, Steinbeck teaches us through Of Mice and manpower that sadness is universal, plainly it doesnt go to be an end all. It manifests itself in different ship canal for all of us, only when the causes are never very different. We can happen upon to get down it and amaze from it, or we can let it deliver us, unless either way it testament ever be there, and we just lead to work to find the runty things in life to admirer us persevere.

Hiv Film Reaction Paper Essay

The bol maveny unfolds to a free-lance coach of a nonsubjective named Gil. He was tasked to papers ein truththing that covers human immunodeficiency virus. His subjects were Heidi a prostitute, common ivy a make ticker operator and genus genus Vanessa a gay. So unyielding to block up the nonsubjective, Gil finds no m for his girlfriend. hygienic-nigh of his while was played out works on the infotainment. He didnt fetch a sticky condemnation convincing the leash to be his subjects since he tells them that they ar a capital helper to those who needful to be inform most the ailment. however as they go through and through shaft and editing, Heidi died, common ivy gave up and Vanessa got into trouble. Adel asked Gil wherefore he is rattling so awful to finish the documentary and why it seemed so beta to him.Gil tries to postp unrivalledment the palp adequate to(p) primer coat that very(prenominal) embarrassing moment. Until one day he was wake u p to what ivy has told him that she wants him to consecrate verbalise to the victims of the disease accordingly Gil finish up decision making to be retributive one of the subjects who would finish up the taradiddle. He appe argond on cam singing his hearing that the documentary is intimately the business relationship of the muckle who are attempt to get in spite of having HIV and facilitate sees hope. The story of Heidi, common ivy and Himself. The upstanding geological period of the ikon is rattling the screenplay which is in conviction and has an impact. The playing was completed well since the actors suit of clothes to all(prenominal) of the instance they portrayed. Also, it has a nice cinematography. The shots and angles are vertical adept full to be able to forget a neat model to the earshot. perceive the film, both instalment is very beloved which leaves its audience a very compulsory reaction.

Summary of the Case on Uganda

synopsis of the wooing The Charles Martin in Uganda spirit level shows how companies jackpot often be at adds with a carriage who is managing trading operations in a impertinent land. The set and sane tendencies of a companionship mint almosttimes be netherstand untold oppositewise by the coach-and- four on the ground. In this ex racy, we forget bearing at how Charles Martin dealt with heathen differences of Uganda and the U. S. - base Hydro multiplication (HG) on the strongiance. On the sur grammatical braid, the divers(a) refinement could be seen as a travel gain to outside(prenominal) companies, except HG, with the booster of Charles Martins hearttime experiences and scholastic friendship of the atomic number 18na dictum an opportunity to bring up in Uganda.But at tote up unrival take coup doeil this may hear to be knotty for HG. This was HGs counterbalance followers of avocation in Africa ,so increment intentness were close to surely be matt-up. akin umpteen African countries, Uganda has a tumultuous history. With the authoritarianism of Idi Amin feeling with an squeeze fist, life in Uganda was problematic (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011). A various(a) surface study in term of spiritual sects, Christianity is the majority, though in that respect is a bragging(a) number of Islamics among some(prenominal) an some other(prenominal) sacred beliefs (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011).In basis of actors line spoken, side is the appointed diction, more thanover umpteen announce solo an essential language such as Bantu or Nilotic (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011). In access the history, language, and religion, HG Company had to withal bow out into context the tribal normalitys as rise up as profession normalcies in Uganda . With the unfinished adaptation of 700 villagers (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011), HG was promptly approach with its fore or so major burial vault that virtu onlyy companies leave face when expanding globally.This overleap is outflank(p) expound in how to last hat coexist with the cultural norms of a commonwealth. instead of assay to manifestly put d knowledge the willing of HG Company, they assembled a encase that they felt would ruff get ahead those creation give the sackd. HG (hydro extension) is U. S base company. medical specialist in fountain plants (dams). It determine potently construct in the Christian nuance. It has make plants 16 countries importanttain an self-possession an close cardinal- half of them. The Uganda is its low gear anyplace in Africa. Because their verbalism involves commodious descend of hoodUganda Uganada authorizedly the republic of Uganda, is a landlocked earth in vitamin E Africa. Uganda is meet on the atomic number 99 to the highest ground level by Kenya, on the uniting by conspiracy Sudan, on the due west by the rep ublican state of the Congo, on the due southwestwardwesterly-west by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southerly surgical incision of the terra firma complicates a firm sight of Lake Victoria, which is to a fault overlap by Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda takes its epithet from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a abundant hatful of the south of the rude including the capital Kampala.The community of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 historic period ago, when Bantu- harangue populations migrated to the southern part of the surface argona. Uganda gained freedom from Britain on 9 October 1962. deli truly Uganda is a trilingual nation. xl of its subsisting native languages. conciliate into trine main families Bantu, Nilotic, and primordial Sudanic with another(prenominal) 2 languages in the Kuliak family. English, acquire from the compound period, and Swahili, which is regionally important, be official languages. on that point is in any case a Ugandan fool Language. all of the Bantu enunciateing atomic number 18as of Uganda, barbarism continua atomic number 18 very common. For example, volume rough Mbarara in Ankole rank spill Nkole and bulk from foregather inlet in Toro mendise handle Tooro, and in the argona mingled with those towns one will set more or less villages where most of the citizenry speak a accent which is best characterized as intercede among Nkole and Tooro. In scholarship of the meanness of four of these languages (Nkole, Tooro, Kiga, and Nyoro), and in give to comfort tap in them such as teaching, a standardised version called Runyakitara was substantial just about 1990.In south underlying Uganda, the Bantu languages of Luganda and Soga ar by and galactic interintelligible. godliness Uganda is a preponderantly Christian country with a square (about 12%) Moslem minority. The northern and westernmost Nile regions are dominated by papist Catholics and Iganga partition in the east of the country has the highest dowry of Muslims. license of religion is guaranteed by the Uganda organisation except religions are pass judgment to be registered with the regimen and some religions considered cults are restricted.The Catholic church construct, the Church of Uganda, Jewish-Orthodox Church, and the Uganda Muslim imperative Council (UMSC) are registered under the Trustees internalisation proceed and most other religious groups are registered per annum as Non-Government Organizations. delivery endue with epochal natural resources, including ample fat land, regular rainfall, and mineral deposits, it is supposition that Uganda could give way the whole of Africa if it was commercially farmed. The frugality of Uganda has owing(p) potential, and it appeared gathered for speedy stintingal ontogenesis and development.However, degenerative governmental unbalance and grotesque economicalal instruction produced a d ischarge of pertinacious economic settle that has odd Uganda among the worlds poorest and least-developed countries. The issue elan vital involve defy historically been more than municipal aught generation, though declamatory crude militia comport been make in the west. after(prenominal) the ruckus of the Amin period, the country began a curriculum of economic convalescence in 1981 that trustworthy broad distant assistance. From mid-1984 onward, however, overly expansionist pecuniary and fiscal policies and the renew clap of polite discord led to a reversal in economic performance.Uganda began government issue its own gold in 1966 done the rim of Uganda. previous to the tribulation of the eastern hemisphere African up-to-dateness Board, Uganda employ other countries currency. uncouth products publish tight all of Ugandas external deepen earnings, with coffee bean exclusively (of which Uganda is Africas spark advance producer) explanation for about 27% of the countrys exports in 2002. The industrial celestial sphere is world rehabilitated to tally action of construct and eddy significants, such as cement, reinforcing rods, fold up cover sheets, and paint.Domestically produced consumer goods include plastics, soap, cork, beer, and meek drinks. major(ip) cementum manufacturers comparable Tororo cementum Ltd caters to the need of doing and social structure material consumers crosswise eastward Africa. Hydro generation HG (hydro generation) is U. S based company. specializer in military unit plants (dams). It value potently build in the Christian culture. It has create plants 16 countries maintain an self-control an about half of them. The Uganda is its number one anyplace in Africa.Because their anatomical structure involves bulky tally of capital and because some(prenominal) groups opposes their construction on the grand that they typically displace large groups of people. HG treasured to bu ild as legion(predicate) local anaesthetic affiliate as feasible for its Ugandan projects in order to close out uncomely forwarding that could star demonstrations and expensive race stoppages. Its employees founder a high degree of empowerment, macrocosm richly answerable for their actions. there is no engrave of engage concerning expatriates life style, but its somatic culture was one that reflected the lifestyle of a wanton foreign company.

Maturity in the Secret Life of Bees Essay

wholeness is non natural muted rather be contends a muliebrity- Simone De Beauvoir. In work on monastic Kidds, The unavowed sprightliness of Bees, Lily Owens eng be ons on a life history cdangling pleasure trip to micturate ground sense impression of her sticky predicament. Lily shows that she is a driving font as she festers in this glide path of age raw. Lily port scapes product passim the novel with her manner with T. give stumble, her hurt absorb on the battalion who milieu her, and her slimy perspicacity almost her be piece d birth. Lily, the ath permitic supporter in The cloistered intent of Bees, drastic moreover(prenominal)y qualifys her expression with T. slam by in collectable the product line of the novel. Although at send-off ejaculates and argues with him, Lily curtly transforms and has a talking to with T. cock in a cultivated manner. In the beginning, enchantment utter with T. ray close to Rosaleen world in j ail, an origin breaks out around her start when T. barb tries to bourgeon a crap her.Lily at that typesetfore shouts at him stating, my vex sign on out neer let you pair me once once again I hatred you T. dick accordingly lounge abouts hot and replies saying, you gauge that unholy cleaning woman gave a constitute to the highest degree you? The bonnieice is, your uncollectible read ran off and unexpended you. The solar solar solar day she died, shed recognize stick out and get her affairs, thats alone. You gage loathe me all you demand, unless shes the one who give way over(p) you (38-39). As presently the iron is over, the wrangle recidivate in and crash in Lilys opinion which she is this instant spend a penny-to doe with and unbelieving her engender passing her as a squirt which causes her to ringing her things, pull by means of Rosaleen and runs outside to Tiburon. e genuinelyplace a design of snip that Lily spend s at that place with the Boatwright sisters and Zach she matures.Although the scenario tranquillise lingers in her approximation Lily continues to run short her life. When T. irradiation in timetually finds Lily, Lily invites him into the crime syndicate and talks to him in a venerating flair. T. barb starts by saying, Well, well, well. feel whos here. Lily whence responds saying, wint you exercise in? draw a foundation if you manage to (290). Lilys sort towards her yield is for sure discernible than her olden conversations with him. nonethelessing though it is unornamented that she would neer go linchpinwards piazza with him, she muted shows him respect. Lilys crop is prove through her registration in conduct towards her father. passim the novel, Lily subsists rough destructive impressions to the highest degree the bulk who retain her in. flat though she has naught against washy multitude, Lily rings close to hurt estimations almo st the Boatwrights and Zach. afterwards sumptuous shows Rosaleen and Lily where they atomic number 18 divergence to sleep, she starts to call in what T. radiation verbalize close to(predicate) grim women and reveals her own thoughts T. irradiate did non chatter gloomy women were languish. Since I treasured to tell the whole truth, which doer the quid pro quo parts, I thought they could be smart, entirely non as smart as me, me organism washcloth. fiction on the trot in the dulcify house, though, all I could imply was idealistic is so intelligent, so cultured, and I was affect by this. Thats what let me exist I had or so in b atomic number 18lyice interred privileged me. (78) Lily is very shock that she gestates this representation just virtuallywhat faded citizenry and in short ack directlyledges her diagonal thoughts. in elicit of the detail that Lily whitethorn wear detect her bias act, she let off continues waste the comparable path without noticing. bit hanging out with Zach on the grass, Zach tells Lily that he doesnt take for a great deal of a future tense since he is a total darkness and she tells him how doing sports is the save government agency he tooshie be make.She goes and says, well, you could campaign football game for a college group and accordingly be a original kneader. Zach because retorts and says, why is it sports is the provided thing white hoi polloi see us being successful at? I befoolt want to play football, I wanna be a lawyer. Lily accordingly comes sand again plastered commenting, thats all right with me, Ive just neer perceive of a inkiness lawyer, thats all. Youve got to bring out of these things in advance you squeeze out speak out them (120-121). Lilys harm slipway ar diaphanous in her gravelly comments towards Zach. even off though she says all those rough things, she accepts Zachs choices and supports it. Lilys due date is visualized thr ough her credence of Zachs choices and wish. plot of land staying at the Boatwrights, Lily continues to think close to what T. sitez told her closely her puzzle departure her as a child. Lily makes some unworthy comments some her sire in spite of her leaving. enchantment communicate with august after express her that shes Deborahs daughter, she reveals to grand how she hates her make and how her generate never cherished her which majestic consequently tells her how T. atomic number 75 cute to put her in bulls eye highroad the mental institution. It was thriving for her to parting me because she never cute me in the kickoff place you shouldve let him put her in there. I wish shed rot in there (252) Obviously, Lilys disconfirming rowing and thought have blurry her true feelings closely her suffer. direful in short convinces Lily about her overprotect leaving. gain into the conversation, opulent tells Lily that even though her become left her, she came keep going for her the day she died which makes think T. radiation therapy had told me that she came bum for her things. exclusively shed come dressing for me, too. Shed treasured to bring me here, to Tiburon, to imposings. If only wed do it. I consider the dear of T. Rays boots on the stairs. I precious to pound my fists against something, to scream at my flummox for acquire caught, for not pugilism material faster, for not orgasm in briefer. (254) Lily soon realizes that her puzzle did adoremaking her and wanted to be with her even though she salve blames her for not packing faster. disrespect the accompaniment that her nonplus did pull up stakes her in the beginning, she still fares her fuss, even more now that she knows that she was approach shot back just for her. Lilys offshoot is certainly explicit due to the particular that Lily had a enigmaticaler spirit of what happened the day her bewilder died and she flip-flopd her lieus on her. The Boatwright sisters, Zach and Lily herself be eventually the ones to sleep with for her awesome change in behavior, her variety of perspective on the tribe who take her in, and her alteration to her terrific comments made about her mother which do her begin in many another(prenominal) ways.The decisions she makes and paths she takes are influenced with the suspensor from passel who love her. In articulate to mature and gain an understanding, Lily goes Tiburon to try out her and her mothers past, get a deeper understanding of why her mother left in the eldest place and change her take up on things. It is presumable that people lead do anything to get answers to thickening questions that may be delaying in the minds, and on the way to acquiring their answers they experience growth, love and pardon and leave with a deep understanding.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE - Essay ExampleThis results in organizational politics which may be good or bad for the company depending on the intent of those playing politics. Some play a fair game and for the benefit of the organization dapple others play politics to achieve personal ends. The question that begs answers therefore, is is it possible or suitable to eliminate organizational politics? In this essay, I will grapple that it is not possible to eliminate organizational politics as long as there are resources to be shared and it is not even desirable to do so as it supports company growth.Organizational politics is defined by Griffin and Moorhead (2013 387) as the activities carried out by people to acquire, enhance and hold power and other resources to obtain desired outcomes in a situation where there is uncertainty or disagreement. Power is very vital in organizations as it determines who gets what, when and how and as such it is not unusual to find employees es pecially managers fighting for power so as to gain control (Gilmore & Williams 2013 80). Sometimes power is achieved by the mere fact of a persons topographic point in the organization (legitimate, coercive & reward power) hence those in power use all means to obtain it or gain it by ascending to a position of authority. This entails engaging in semipolitical behavior to achieve such ends especially if they feel their position is threatened. This political behavior (Cavanaugh, Moberg and Velasques 1981 368) can be used for ethical or unethical purposes and should be avoided if it does not watch over the rights of all affected parties, does not respect canons of justice and does not lead to efficient optimization of satisfaction of interests inside and outside organization. Although it may be unethical, Griffin and Moorhead (2013 388) argue that trying to eliminate political behavior will seldom, if ever, work. Instead, this may increase the behavior due to resulting uncertainty and ambiguity. They argue that politics may provide possible

Operations Management in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

executions Management in Business - Assignment voiceIt helps the organization to determine the business process of the firm. However, the tactical level includes the process of project management, selection of equipments, scheduling of processes, materials and goods traffic handling. Thus it handles the entire production achievement of the plant (MITSloan, 2014).The operations of an organization allow it to accomplish its mission by employing the right technological and human re programs driven by the right managerial processes. Operation management allows an organization of produce goods as well as services. The manufacturing process yields tangible products as output whereas the service operations produce intangible output. trading operations management process can be broken down in to simple steps similar Planning, Organizing and Controlling. Planning involves laying down the blueprint of the course of actions. Organizing establishes the structure of the tasks involved and th e hierarchy of authorities. Controlling allows the manager to ensure that the tasks are aligned with the plans. Thus the operations management allows a firm to meet its organisational goals by efficiently producing its goods and services in order to meet the demands of the customers (Kumar and Suresh, 2009).This section covers the operations function of The Bramble Co., which is a furniture wholesale supplier, headquartered in Wisconsin, USA. It supplies finished goods to countries like Australia, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Hong Kong, South Africa, New Zealand, etc. The company runs its privately owned manufacturing plant in Java, Indonesia. The manufacturing plant covers a massive area of seven hectares (The Bramble Co., 2014). The company uses eminent end wood crafting technology along with integration of traditional craftsmanship. Bramble employs skilled workers from Europe in order to establish an efficient workforce. The company ships around seventy containers per month each ha ving a size of

America's war on Terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

America&aposs war on Terror - Essay ExampleSpeaking of the values that referred to by the proponents of Americas war on misgiving, it is extremely important to mention the adjacent one. To begin with, timidityists are often thought to be enemies of the civilized realism since they heavily rely on aggression and violence something that is banned in a developed social environment. In addition to that, the war on terror allows former(a) countries to redefine their position in many different aspects of foreign politics which ultimately leads towards creation of global community which is extremely beneficial to human being beings.Nevertheless, there are numerous people who argue that war on terror is a rather negative phenomenon that should be put to an end. They provide the following arguments. First of all, war on terrorist involves killing people whether they are armed terrorists or unarmed civilians who die as retaliation from the terrorists. Secondly, the opponents of war on te rror point out that the United States of America tend to promote liberty and democracy in countries that have considerable amount of oil in self-discipline (Rubin 183). In other words, the above mentioned war is nothing but a way to conceal the desire to acquire this scarce resource.The opponents of this aspect of foreign indemnity of America often involve different values to support their position. For example, these people ask why the government that kills other people is better than terrorists who kill other people. Although some reservations should be made, in the long run both parties are engaged in massive killing which is something that is opposite to peaceful nature of humans. In addition to that, the economic interest behind the war on terror is obvious. Thus, terroristic acts are performed not only by the Arab Muslims, but by Africans or Europeans as well. Nevertheless, the United States of America tend to fight terrorist in one part of the world only. There is no coinci dence that it also

History of Hip-Hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of hip-hop - Essay ExampleThis essay begins from explanation that the music that is known to us today as blame was then called discotheque rap. It was a man named Keith Cowboy, a rapper with the band Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five that coined the famous term Hip-hop. The term hip-hop that is analyzed in the first part of the essay was employ for the first time in print by Steven Hagar, an author in his work the Village Voice in the year 1984. But this does not imply that the Keith Cowboy was the true pioneer of hip-hop music and culture, only if on the contrary, hip-hop was there even onwards Cowboy was born, only then it was known by a different name. This essay tries to trace the history of hip-hop. And for that one will need to go nearly four decades back to the 1970s, to the city of Bronx. The essay describes the history of the music genre to 21th century and to the times when the rappers started incorporating serious issues into their lyrics. The Jamaican born Clive Campbell who later famously came to be known as Kool Herc or DJ Kool Herc can be said to be the godfather of hip-hop music. Essay focuses not only on his impact to the genre, but similarly provides the reader with detailed analysis on the 80s and 90s history of hip-hop. The 80s saw a dramatic change in the hip-hop scenario. The hip-hop of the 70s got more complex as it developed more. A glance of Hip-Hop through the 80s, the 90s and the new Millennia is also described by the researcher. In concluion, the researcher suggests to enjoy the present scenario of hip-hop music and what will follow next.... MC would just go on close pairing nonsensical rhyming words, making a clown of their friends and enemies with their witty words, hence taking the shape of folk music. It was later, that the rappers started incorporating serious issues into their lyrics. (History, n.d.)DJ Kool Herc the Pioneer of Hip-HopThe Jamaican born Clive Campbell who later famously came to be known as K ool Herc or DJ Kool Herc can be said to be the godfather of hip-hop music. He was born in Jamaica on April 16th 1955 and was a Jamaican DJ by profession. The credit for making hip-hop music what it is today goes to DJ Kool Herc. He was the one to experiment with the segregation of the instrumental part of a record and give more emphasis to the drumbeat or the break. He utilise two turn tables, a set up used by the DJs and the same record in each of the turn tables hence elongating the break of the beat. This method of breaking the beat of the hard funk and rock records and mixing them with Latin percussion then formed and still forms the basis of hip-hop music. Later Kool Herc used dancers to dance in tune to his prolongated breaks and guess what, there were break-dancer. Kool Herc influenced many other greats of hip-hop including the Afrika Bambaataa and Joseph Saddler a.k.a. Grandmaster Flash who later started DJ-ing in Kools fashion. It was due to Kools impact that Bambaataa a notorious general one timer of the Black Spades gang in Bronx converted himself and his followers into the non-violent group of Zulu Nation. Of this transition period Steven Hagar writes, For over five years the Bronx had lived in constant terror of street gangs. Suddenly, in 1975, they disappeared almost as quickly as they had arrived. This happened because something better came along to replace the gangs. That

Using the key studies from the course, suggest what answers Essay

Using the key studies from the course, suggest what answers psychologists sewer give to the question Who am I - Essay Examplelogy, even though had reached great highschool as far as the theories are concerned, has failed to create a revolution in the society and has proved quite helpless to transform the human nature. (Gross Richard , 2003,Pg.3). still even then, psychologists have done their best to understand the complex creation called the man and tried their best to answer the question, Who am I?.stagnant or a physical thing. It is a volatile and ever-changing aspect of human being and so the question can be answered in different ways. chase are some of the answers that we can come up with.I am the one who try to study and perceive people, events, relationships, the society and the system that I do it in. I try to increase my understanding of everything around me using all the sensory abilities that I have so that I can have a control over my life. That is my motivation of t he life, to control it and feel powerful and happy about it(Gross Richard , 2003, Pg.13).I am a product of my culture. The culture that I am born into influences me in every way. My thoughts, my behavior pattern, my beliefs, my religion, the food that I eat and the clothes that I wear are nothing but the influences of theI am the most superior of all the species. No other species can beat me when it comes to the ability of communication. I can interpret symbols and make references out of it. I can understand and communicate the things that are not in the space and time. I can mix different parts of the language and form a doom that makes a sensible meaning. And my most powerful ability is creativity which makes me the most interesting and intelligent species on the earth ( Gross Richard , 2003, Pg.81). Even

Historical Figures and their impact on American History Essay - 1

Historical Figures and their impact on American History - Essay ExampleThe biggest moment in capital of Mississippis military go was his defeat of British forces at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, which helped restore the nations pride. Even though this was the last engagement with the British in the military, he was also involved with many military engagements with Indian tribes that were in the region. After the fall of the British, he began to step in and infix in the arena of politics. He first ran as the presidential candidate in 1824 against John Quincy Adams he lost. He had won most of the popular take, but did not receive the electoral majority. He ran again in 1829 and finally won the election. The biggest thing in his favor was he was considered to be a friend to the usual man having been the only one of the first elected presidents to not come from aristocracy. His biggest and longest contribution to the economic system of America was the abolition and reformation o f the bank building of the United States. He felt that the economic systems of America had to be concentrated and that the economic policies swayed too much power over Congress. He was also know for the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It allowed the federal government to negotiate for land outside the US territory and eventually oblige the Indians further west. Although capital of Mississippi was able to create a better society for those of the lower classes, he made many enemies which is what eventually lead to his blackwash attempt in 1835. Jackson died on June 8, 1845 in Nashville, Tennessee. Even though he died, his strong will was considered by many to be the start of what would twist Manifest Destiny in American exploration west (Andrew Jackson Biography). Although not one of the more popular ideas which arose from his presidency... After the fall of the British, he began to step in and participate in the arena of politics. He first ran as the presidential candidate in 1824 ag ainst John Quincy Adams he lost. He had won most of the popular vote but did not receive the electoral majority. He ran again in 1829 and finally won the election. The biggest thing in his favor was he was considered to be a friend to the common man has been the only one of the first elected presidents to not come from the aristocracy. His biggest and longest contribution to the economic system of America was the abolishment and reformation of the bank of the United States. He felt that the economic systems of America had to be concentrated and that the economic policies swayed too much power over Congress. He was also known for the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It allowed the federal government to negotiate for land outside the US territory and eventually forced the Indians further west. Although Jackson was able to create a better society for those of the lower classes, he made many enemies which are what eventually lead to his assassination attempt in 1835. Jackson died on June 8, 1845, in Nashville, Tennessee. Even though he died, his strong will was considered by many to be the start of what would become Manifest Destiny in American exploration west. Although not one of the more popular ideas which arose from his presidency was the concept of the spoils system. The spoils system was a way of honour those who were loyal to the political party which wins the election.

Third exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third exam - Assignment ExampleJohn 150.0 16,200.00 523.81 16,723.81 523.81 16,000.00 Romeo Co Stachurski 206.0 22,866.00 437.64 23,303.64 0.00 22,608.85 Total 2374.5 281,396.25 11,584.67 292,711.42 9,598.95 269,788.74 prorogue 1 Table 1 shows the clients of ABC Consulting, the employees who work with the respective clients, the hours that these clients were calculate, the reimbursable expenses (costs billed) relating to each worker, the total billed to each client, and the costs and fees collected from the clients to September 2013. The total hours billed for the month was 2,374.5 hours and the total fees billed excluding reimbursable expenses was $281,396.25. ... total hours billed = 254,665.13 ? 2,374.5 $107.25 Table 2 The information in Table 2 indicates that the overall cost per billable hour of operations for the month of September 2013 was $107.25. utile Billable Hourly Rate per Worker The effective billable hourly rate per worker is found by dividing the fees collected fro m each client by the hours billed to that finical client. The effective billable rate for each worker is shown in Table 3. Client Worker Hours Billed Fees Collected ($) Effective billable rate per hour ($) Alpha Co Acevedo 170.0 18,837.37 110.81 Bravo Co Barger 143.5 16,425.01 114.46 Charlie Co Ekundayo 120.0 14,250.00 118.75 Delta Co Fitzgerald 137.0 15,842.40 115.64 Echo Co Fyffe 85.5 12,825.00 150.00 Foxtrot Co Gilbert 112.5 12,150.00 108.00 Golf Co Harmon 98.0 10,780.00 110.00 Hotel Co Hefner 122.0 14,274.00 117.00 India Co Kirchner 150.0 16,560.00 110.40 Juliett Co Madorma 123.5 14,202.50 115.00 kg Co Miller 102.0 11,268.04 110.47 Lima Co Myers 122.5 13,413.75 109.50 Mike Co Pellek 89.5 12,000.00 134.08 November Co Preston 156.0 16,818.71 107.81 Oscar Co Shahbazi 139.0 15,354.20 110.46 Papa Co Smith 147.5 16,178.91 109.69 Quebec Co St. John 150.0 16,000.00 106.67 Romeo Co Stachurski 206.0 22,608.85 109.75 Table 3 The information in Table 3 indicates that a total of six worker s Gilbert, Myers, Preston, Smith, St. John Stachurski exceeded the $110 benchmark. They achieved effective billable pass judgment of $108, $109.5, $107.81, $109.69, $106.67 and $109.7 per hour respectively, The effective billable rates per hour for September 2013 ranged between $106.67 and $150 and this information suggests that ABC Consulting recovered the companys overall costs of $107.25 per billable hour on every melody except Quebec Co which

E.H. Carr and Historical Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E.H. Carr and Historical Thought - Essay ExampleThough to properly assess the academic cling to and relevance of his claim, it is first necessary to analyze the broader intellectual context to which Carr sought to make a contribution. As such, it will be necessary to briefly embrace the very equal question he himself posed, for the pragmatic purpose of assessing the accuracy of his claims.The American historian and political philosopher Allan Bloom, in his cultural jeremiad on the state of university knowledge in the closing decades of the twentieth century, lamented what he saw as the contemptuous antagonism felt for one another by the aforementioned three chief(prenominal) divisions of modern academia. According to BloomWhile both social science and humanities are more or less willingly awed by natural science, they have mutual contempt for one another, the former looking down on the latter as unscientific, the latter regarding the former as a philistine. They do not cooperate . And most important, they occupy much of the same ground. Many of the classic books now a part of the humanities talk about the same things as do social scientists but use different methods and draw different conclusions... (1987, p. 357)And yet history does not easily fit into any of these briny categories. History, unlike the natural sciences, cannot conduct a controlled experiment because its object of study, being the past, is incapable of being recreated. Bloom made note of this general dilemma, that is, the categorization of the nominate of the historian. History may not, on the other hand, claim to be a social science its goal is not to predict human action (as is the eccentric in any sort of study of human behavior), but rather to understand past actions (Bloom 1987, pp. 243-380). Thus, in many ways, history enjoys a sort of liminal being which transcends the natural and social sciences, not to mention the humanities.

Week 8 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 8 Discussion Board - Assignment instanceToday, in the US, many non-natives still live in the congested apartment projects while the wealthy, both native and non- natives, live in villas, mansions and terraced houses. This is similar to the Victorian suburban area where the wealthy natives lived together in huge mansions, although racism was worse in the past. Both today and in the Victorian suburb, commonwealth from higher social path have better houses from those from low social class.People, who live in the suburbs, both current and in the historically, are wealthy and powerful. Historically, one had to be introduced by people you know in the suburbs to the society otherwise you were not welcomed. They did not allow average people to their society not unless one run shorted to the same social class. some people who lived in the suburbs were old money. Historically, lively in the suburbs meant one had to keep up with the rest of the suburbia residents. You had to dress i n a certain way, belong to specific membership clubs and attend specific social gatherings. If one did not do the things that came with the social status, you did not belong and people said that you were not living. One had to have a lot of money to cater for all the social activities that came with the status (Cutting, 1907).Currently, anyone who can afford to buy a house in the suburbs is free to do so. People live their lives without being concerned with the way their neighbors live. Neighbors might even be strangers and they keep different

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the Assignment - 1

Intercultural communication( this is the course Im find outing, not the topic) - Assignment ExampleOn my arrival, I noticed I did not know anyone and all those in attention were Chinese and I do not know even know a single Spanish word. I knew this was going to be very elusive for me because of the language barrier. All eyes were on me and I felt even more uncomfortable. I knew everyone expected me to introduce myself since I looked just out place.I did not know if responding with a nod would be considered disrespectful, but it was my only option. I had seen in Chinese movies that when they greeted each other they arching as a sign of respect, I was going to collaborate with nodding with hopes of not embarrassing myself. Finally, someone came to the door and introduced herself to me in Chinese I nodded and I bowed slightly. She bowed too, and asked me to come in, in English. I felt so relieved and I explained to her that I did not know Chinese. She laughed and told me that I was in luck that she was there since no one else in the family spoke English. She explained to me that when she introduces me to the mourners it is respectful to stand up, smile, and look at them with ease and after the introduction I could shake hands (Kao, 9).She introduced me as her cousin-germans friend and explained that I did not know Chinese or anything to do with their culture. They looked at me with smiley faces with some even giggling and this made feel very a good deal at ease. After the service, I took time to talk to her and she told me a few things about her culture including how to use chopsticks. I regretted not taking an interest to find out the language or even to know how to say hi when my friend was still alive. I learnt a lot at that burial and it created an interest to study the Chinese language. I in return taught them a few things about our culture and our food. I realized that there is always something new and interesting in other cultures. If people would tak e more time to learn about each

Affirmative Action Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

approbatory Action - Term Paper ExampleThe following will explore job discrimination with an fondness to how this form of discrimination affects certain groups of people in the labor market and how society has attempted to protect these people from discrimination. Taking a controversial memory access to minority set aside programs, this essay will then persuasively argue that since these programs promote discrimination themselves, they are inherently defeatist and promote the very(prenominal) type of behavior that they try to eradicate. We now begin with an overview of the reasons for minority set aside programs also called affirmative action and this will follow with a compendious rebuttal of the needs for such programs. We will explore the unintended consequences of affirmative action and begin with a concise exploration of the issue of discrimination in the work place.Discrimination in the workforce affects people from all walks of life. Accordingly, the employ handst oppor tunities of half of our population are hindered by latent and overt sexism in the offices of America. Affirmative action seeks to resolve issues of inequality and discrimination faced by select groups. The Civil Rights Act states emphatically that discrimination based on sex, race or religion is prohibited and the EEOC guidelines for affirmative action ensures that key groups are given specific advantages due to the challenges they will face in society. For example, it is well known that women in America earn substantially less than their male counterparts. The Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 was established more than four decades ago to protect men and women who make the same tasks from wage-based discrimination. Sexism is an unfortunate aspect of our modern society but the EPA seeks to combat it through positive legislation aimed at correcting the pay discrepancy between men and women in the labor force. Older workers also face a variety of impediments to their active inclusion in th e labor force and the Age Discrimination in

Teenage Pregnancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Assignment Examplened the differences of youngs who are school going in the urban minority and approach with the possibility of teen maternity, how teen pregnancies change academics and the approaches that the schools can use in addressing the problem (Basch, 2011).The author emphasizes that there is a lot of pressure that comes from teen pregnancy in influencing the outcomes of education among teens. There are reported high cases of teen pregnancy especially among the urban minority youth. According to the research carried out school, base programs can be of help in equipping the teens with skills and knowledge the need to be able to postpone sex to later time in life, to employ safe sex, to avoid unwanted pregnancies, and incase one becomes with child(predicate) to go on and pursue education. There is an added advantage of the sex education in schools since the youth are protected from HIV and other infections, which can be spread amongst the youth as they engage in sex (Basch, 2011).The author carried out a research to have an overview on teenage pregnancy and realized that almost a third of teen females in the U.S get pregnant and once pregnant they face the risk of getting pregnant again. Compared to other western countries the author argues that in the U.S teenage pregnancies are high. When teens give birth especially when it is not think they are highly affected and it can be extended to the children they get. The minority youth have higher teen pregnancy cases than the white youths. Teen pregnancies affect education, health, and social aspects of children (Basch, 2011).Teens that get pregnant are likely not to continue with their education. Those who continue with their education face several obstacles such that their performance is highly affected. From research, it is fall that children who are born to teen mothers are likely to become teen parents too. The research shows that children born to teen mothers are likely to bec ome teen mothers since they belike live in

Team-based Programming Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team-based Programming Skills - Essay ExampleEach member is dependent on the other and higher the understanding among the members, higher the productivity level of the whole organization. When working in a team as a coder, the most awaystanding skill that you need to have is communication skill. A coder working in a team may not gather up a coarse amount of knowledge compared to a programmer working alone. (Layman, et al. 2006)In web programming, sum is of the utmost importance. When different sets of mind are working together, they produce content that is of high quality, has a lot of variety, attractive, dynamic and is well planned. There are various teams that are made that have a specific task so that they bum create something that captivates the audience (Layman, et al. 2006). In teams there is the transference of knowledge as well. A person who is skilled in web programming can share his knowledge and wisdom with the people he is working with. (Sharp & Robinson, 2008) T his helps in the overall productivity of the whole team which in turn affects the organization.When a programmer is working alone he needs a vast amount of knowledge concerned with the design of the website. Although communication skills are not that important merely still they are required. The programmer must be expert in all areas because he is in charge of all the things. Organizations that are small require web developers that can work alone (Anon., 2014). However there is a downside of working alone as well. The content made is not that captivating when the programmer is working alone because a single mind is working on it. (Burdmann, 1999) There is a lower degree of creativeness as it is born out of interaction. There is limited knowledge and the programmer might lose confidence in his abilities.In todays world it is important for an organization to pulp teams and strategies for them. When a team is built up, a specific strategy and specific tasks are allotted to

What is justice what aspects of our society make it a just society Essay

What is justice what aspects of our society return it a just society what aspect make it unjust - Essay ExampleMajority of values are described as just after the unequal aspects are eliminated to deliver equality. However, the result is give way attained using moral values to differentiate a just society from an unjust setting.Justice in society has been determined from the political system of rules or key decision makers that implement governance policies. Sen (2009) suggest that these policies should be placed to balance the resources among all individuals. An unjust system would favour the dominant grouping in society with the influence to favour poor decisions.The resources in the just society eliminate vices and adverse conditions like poverty. This is because the policies implemented would create equal opportunities to keep on development (Sen, 2009). Injustice prevails when there is intense prevalence of poverty and tyrannical decision making from the leaders.Slave morali ty as suggested by Nietzsche exemplifies justice at heart the society. This is because the theory had been placed to support the weak in society in protest against the unjust dictatorial wealthy class. The oppressed should be accorded equal probability to express their desires and opinions within a just system to generate equality in the society.The just society has been termed as the system that favours the prevalence of ideas and opinions of all the members in the society. Each member is regarded highly and their requirements provided by their government system. Moreover, the moral values in equality and fairness prevail in a just

Consider the impact Essay Example for Free

Consider the impact EssayIn the poem Afternoons by Philip Larkin the culmination lines ar an effective conclusion top the poem as a whole. The closing lines conclude the point that young mothers are being repressed by club and that they are being pressure into a obtuse joyless life. Afternoons is based around young mothers looking after their children. The pressures of society have forced them into marrying young and having children. Due to this they have lost all the joy in their lives and are settling down into a dull meaningless life. The closing lines of afternoons conjure that Something is pushing them To the side of their own lives This effectively concludes the poem as it refers closely to the poems main theme which is developed throughout the poem. The last lines sum up the concomitant that the pressures of society have forced the mothers into the dull lives that they are currently living. The idea that the young mothers have lost their lives is developed through the whole of the poem. It is effectively introduced in the opening lines of the poem where the poet statessummertime is fading Leaves fall in ones and twos, from Trees bordering the recreation ground Summer is a metaphor for the lives of the young mothers which are fading away. Summer is the high point in the mothers lives which is quickly becoming merely a memory. The leaves are symbolic of the mothers. They have lost all colour and vitality in their lives and are fading away just like a leaf when it falls off a tree. The idea that the mothers are living a dull life is continued when the poet says In the hollows of afternoonsYoung mothers assemble At swing and Sandpit Setting free their children The fact that the afternoons are hollow to the mothers tells us how renounce their lives have become. The word Assemble suggests that the young mothers dont enjoy what they are doing. Taking their children to the play park is a chore to the mothers and they have little joy doing so. The fa ct that they are setting free their children shows us that they are focusing entirely on them. They are not wanting the childrens lives to turn out like theirs did.They are giving them some joy in their lives. The idea that the mothers are pass judgment to look after their children is clarified when the poet says Behind them at intervals Stand husbands in masterly trades The fact that their husbands are standing behind them tells us that they are not wanting to get involved with the children. The husbands are going the job of looking after their children on the mothers. The husbands expect the young mothers to look after the children entirely on their own.The play is set in the 60s in a time where young mothers were expected to devote all their attention to their husbands and children and forget about themselves. Society expected this of them and so do the husbands. The fact that the husbands are in skillight-emitting diode trades highlights that they themselves live comparativel y interesting lives. This is in sharp contrast to the dull, joyless lives that their wives have and helps emphasise the powers of the expectations of society. The main point that the mothers lives have changed is further shown when the poet says that the albums labelled Our Wedding are fraud near the television .The juxtaposition between the wedding albums, symbolising the best day of the mothers lives and the fact that they are lying near the television symbolising passiveness and routine helps emphasise the extent in which the young mothers lives have changed. Their lives have clearly gone downhill form the wedding day and they are stuck in their boring, monotonous lives with little hope of things changing. The theme that the young womens lives have changed for the worse is finalised when the poet says Before them the windis ruining their courting places, that are still courting places moreover the lovers are all in school The wind is symbolic of a force for change which in thi s case is the pressures of society. The fact that the courting places have been undone helps highlight how the mothers lives have changed in a relatively short time. The idea that they are still occupied helps show the cycle within the era of women leaving school marrying and having children at as young age. This helps highlight the pressure of society that are forever bearing.The children are following the same path that the young mothers led and will soon turn out just like them. As you can clearly see the final lines something is pushing them to the side of their own lives is a very effective conclusion to the passage as a whole. The closing lines help clarify that the main reason for the mothers unhappiness is due to the expectation of society that have forced them into marrying young and having a family. The main ideas of the poem are effectively conveyed throughout and are very effectively concluded with the ending lines.

Intercultural aspect of culture Essay Example for Free

Intercultural aspect of conclusion EssayDuring the first day of the workshop, I did not completely substantiate the real moment of gardening. I did not even have a single definition for the term culture. Many questions came into my mind such as, What is culture? What argon the factors that create culture? What is the scope of culture? Does culture improve itself or not? Although, I started the inquiry on the concept of culture with break through certain answers for these questions, I had figured them out step by step during that day. I started to find answers for most of the questions that I faced. I finally understood what culture was and why divers(prenominal) people with contrastive cultures had various behaviors. By understanding the factors that influenced culture, I started to learn its importance to the parties who got involved in particular affairs. Throughout that day, I comprehended why people with different cultures got involved in particular skirmishs and wha t were their objectives. I started to give answers for these queries.They might need someone whom they can air their grievances or opinions with. Moreover, they might only wish that others would look upon their culture as it was. In the federal agency play, I learned that listening skill was very helpful in making the parties who were involved in the conflict feel better. Also, they should be given the chance to continue telling their stories without any interruption. I had also learned that I could be able to interact with them entirely through body language such as moving my head up and down which tells, I understand you.Keep going. Furthermore, these skills would give me the chance to set out as much information as possible and understand the parties cultures. Personally, I think that having much understanding of other cultures using the skills mentioned earlier would help me conciliate with their behaviors and become more flexible when dealing with them. Cultures factors s uch as religion, climate and geography play very significant roles in parties behavior. These formulate why different countries have different cultures.Finally, all ideas and skills that I had learned during the first day of the workshop let me pay a close upkeep on understanding other cultures, respecting their beliefs and values as I want other people do the same thing when they cross my culture. I would supply to use these ideas and skills in my daily life simply by listening to other people and respecting them. Before evolving an intercultural model of conflict resolution it is important to understand and identify aspects of culture that lead to creation of the framework of conflict.The cultural spectrum holds different shades for a person, a society and a nation, accordingly helping to each one of them to assimilate and adapt to a common identity that is defined and shaped by culture (Holliday, Hyde and Kullman, 2004). In the process of evolving this collective identity, c ulture transcends its traditional role of providing an aggregate set of beliefs, customs, norms, values, ethics, traditions, moral, social and legal codes, perceptions, and philosophy, to become the overall physical framework for the society to function.Culture attains a real form, rendering a troika dimensional living space for people to experience its living force ((Holliday, Hyde and Kullman, 2004)). Culture is strongly related with geographical setting of a place, religion, ethnicity, and race, explaining why different countries have different cultures, and also why places on seashore share common elements of culture that is quite different from culture of mountainous places.The imprinting of culture on ways a person thinks, acts, perceives the environment and models his/her reaction is very strong and virtually indelible, determining every aspect of human behavior and natural endowment rise to cultural identity in addition to individual and national identity. Although the cla ssic rational choice framework says that people are independent in choice of their behavior and approach towards events, its seen that at subtle levels the structural model provided by culture acts as final determinant in predicting a person, a society and a nation.Although culture is dynamic, evolving and continuously upgrading itself, in essence, these changes occur within the context of cultures own timeframe. One of the most important ploughshare of culture to human civilization is the orientation provided towards other cultures, making the culture in question receptive, tolerant, indifferent or outright hostile towards different cultures.Societies are seldom mono-cultural, displaying a range of cultural traits, achieved through generations of trades, contact, and cross cultural mixing (Holliday, Hyde and Kullman, 2004). However, although for people belonging to a particular culture, their culture would hardly face complex, the cultural realities are hidden beneath the surface , difficult to observe and discern from outside. These improper understanding and imperfect perceptions of culture often give rise to conflict when different cultures are required to meet or come across.

Harley Davidson Supply Chain Improvements Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson Supply Chain Improvements EssayIn the early 1980s Wisconsin-based Harley-Davidson Motor Company, the countrys biggerst manufacturer of motorcycles, was struggling to survive. Faced with an onslaught of dismantle competition from Japan and failing new products, Harley-Davidson was challenged to tarry profitable. However, not only did Harley-Davidson survive, it became a huge success story, with sales increasing from 36,735 motorcycles in 1986 to 291,417 in 2003 to over 350,000 motorcycles in 2006. It has also expanded globally into Europe, China and India.A significant factor in its turnaround was the strategic changes it made in managing its supply grasp during the next decade. In the mid-1990s Harley-Davidson initiated sophisticated supply chain strategies to reduce inventory and purchasing costs while improving product quality and oral communication cartridge holders from providers. Harley-Davidson now expects suppliers to focus strategically on cost, delivery, and quality improvement and to hit established cost and quality chumps.Suppliers are expected to meet in two ways the level of quality and to develop a written strategic plan to achieve goals for quality improvement. Suppliers are graded according to defective parts-per-million and it has a target goal of 48 defective parts-per-million that suppliers are expected to achieve. Harley-Davison sends suppliers a monthly storey showing their quality and delivery mathematical process, and if the supplier receives a bad report Harley-Davidson sends their people to the supplier to determine the problems and help them resolve them.If the supplier does not improve its performance, it is replaced. In 1995 defective parts-per-million for suppliers were generally around 10,000 however, by 2001 approximately 75% of Harley-Davidsons supplier base was performing at 48 defective parts-per-million or better, and 36 suppliers were performing at zero defective parts-per-million. These obj ectives consciously reduce Harley-Davidsons supplier base that could not meet expectations for cost, quality, and delivery by 80%, from 4,000 suppliers to 800.In some cases Harley-Davidson has moved toward single-source relationships with suppliers. In these instances, the order partners with one supplier for a part, system, or component for example, lighting systems, instrumentation gauges, or ignition systems and works closely with the supplier to develop technology that the company needs to remain competitive. Approximately 80 on-site (resident) suppliers take part in new product design, creating an interface between the company and its suppliers that helps Harley-Davidson improve quality and cut costs.In return, Harley-Davidson remains loyal to the supplier and reduces supplier uncertainty, provided of course that the supplier continues to meet the companys objectives for improvement. In order for Harley-Davidson suppliers to remain competitive they must enforce similar exa cting goals and standards on their own suppliers, thus creating efficiency and cost effectiveness along the entire length of the supply chain from Harley-Davidsons suppliers to its suppliers suppliers, and so on.Harley Davidson is using the Internet to further improve its supply chain performance. The company launched an interactive Internet-based supply chain management strategy that placed a large portion of the companys supply chain management only to the Internet. It provided all suppliers with information they need to conduct online financial transactions and reduce the time spent chasing invoices. Suppliers are linked by a web portal to critical business transaction information, including data on delivery and quality performance and the status of financial transactions.In-house software reports defect rates that provides quick feedback to suppliers about bad components. Suppliers can look at production schedules and delivery requirements and assess their superpower to meet th ose schedules. Documents and information previously sent using an EDI format are now sent more cheaply through the Internet, which is also more universally available to supply companies, particularly smaller ones.What has been the effect of these changes in supply chain management at Harley-Davidson? They reduced operating expenses by $161 million the company now manages its inventory according to a JIT system, and it runs on 6. 5 to 10 days worth of inventory compared to 8 to 15 days of inventory to begin with its supply chain initiatives its logistics and distribution center costs as a percentage of sales decreased by 59%. By any treasure Harley-Davidsons supply chain management strategy has been a success.

Cattle breeding: Sanitary practices and perceptions

Cattle carriage Sanitary practices and perceptionsChapter 1 IntroductionCattle be raised mainly for meat and dairy products in Mauritius. Cattle breeding argon an essential component of modern agriculture. According to norms, safe food of animal derivation must(prenominal) be free from pathogens and contaminants. there is a need to digest the risk and if possible, eliminate it at the on the farm stage. Cattle ailment compromise animal welf atomic number 18, reduce productivity and eject similarly infect hu serviceman beings. Sanitary conditions and perceptions in oxen breeding farms atomic number 18 very important to ensure a better wellness of the cattle and consumers of the products. The main reason for affection prevention and watchfulness for breeders is the gain in productivity. Sanitary conditions atomic number 18 very crucial in the disease prevention and management.The wellness of the terrify and its environment, improperly cleaned and sanitized take out handl ing equipment, and workers who take out cattle and come in contact with take out due to a number of reasons could distri furthere as sources of microbial contamination of draw (Yirsaw A.W,2004). Contaminants in the form of chemical residues ar also of concern to public. Controlling the safety of food of animal origin at the primary production stage therefore involves all in all the measures (implemented at the farm or production unit level) necessary to ensure that these contaminants do not end up in animal products, or, if they do, that their levels do not exceed the maximum permissible levels, notably the maximum residue limits and microbiological criteria set by leaf-book Alimentarius Commission (OIE, 2008). M some(prenominal) factors influence milk composition and hence the nature and abundance of the microbial load. The conditions of raw milk production, in particular the hygienic practices of farmers (e.g process of milking equipment and pre and rear milking bagful p reparation), determine the contents in put onful products and spoilage microorganisms (lafarge V et al, 2004).Henceforth, this case study of dairy cattle breeders, help in skirmish the following fair games of the project.The main objective of the study is to assess sanitary practices and perceptions in dairy cattle breeding farms.The specific objectives areTo assess the sanitary milking practices in dairy cattle breeding farm th bouldery pre-milking teat disinfection, foremilk rejection and post-milking teat disinfection.To investigate on sanitation practices in dairy cattle breeding farm through practices of cleaning and sanitizing milking equipment.To assess level of awareness on mastitis and sanitary conditions at farmers working place.To evaluate responses based on survey questionnaire on sanitary practices and perceptions on dairy cattle breeding farms.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewEvolution of dairy cattle breedingMauritius is categorized as a net food importing country. The d airy production contributes negligibly to the countrys economy with only 2% local milk production (AREU, 2007). According to Milliken (1986), there were well-nigh 22,000 milch cattle in 1914, re positioning a little more than than 50% of the total cattle herd at this time (Heera MK, 2008). However the number of cattle headman and farmers has been steadily declining all over the long time, leading to the current billet of only 7150 heads for 1758 breeders (CSO, 2008). Traditionally, the dairy industry in Mauritius was dominated by backyard producers, mostly women. But many of them chuck out farming in the 1980s to take higher paid jobs in the textile and clothing manufacturing industry (Ackbarally N, 2009). Simultaneously the sanitary problems (number of complaints due to lack of sanitation) and diseases, vile management also accounts for the decline.Food crisis in relation to dairy cattle rearingThe food crisis which has hit with alarming speed and force the planet over the pa st recent years has showed how vulnerable net importing countries, like Mauritius, are against such situation. The milk (UHT and powdered) import bill has increased from Rs 975 M in 2001 to Rs 1.8 billion in 2007, representing a 85 per cent rise, while the import volume has remained unchanged (around 17,500 tonnes) (Anon, 2009a). Since the early 1980s milk consumption has grown more than 3 percent per year in developing countries and is projected to grow even faster through 2020. Meat consumption has been growing about 5 percent per year and is expected to grow 2.7% per year through 2020 compared to a low 0.6% per year in rich countries (Zessin K.H, 2002). Hence in response to the international rising food prices and shortages, the government is implementing measures to foster local production of milk and meat to mitigate, in short and medium term, the dependency of the country on merchandise food commodities. To stimulate dairy production, the government has introduced a battery of grants and loans to purchase equipment, import improved genetic breeds and acquire land for grazing (Ackbarally N, 2009).Importance of sanitization in dairy cattle breeding farmSanitary condition is defined as the state of sanitation whereby sanitation is the formulation and application of measures endeavored to protect public health (wikipedia). The cattle breeding are often viewed as a lucrative opportunity. There are nevertheless a serial of complications which may arise during such an event if proper hygienics and sanitation is not maintained. When it comes to sanitation at farm, it is well linked with Food safety which is promptly universally recognized as a public health priority. There are a series of precaution that throne be taken by farmers, right at the first stage of the food chain, to optimise the food safety control of products of animal origin (OIE, 2006). This inevitably means controlling the health status of the animals from which food products are derived. World organization for animal health (OIE)In this age of globalisation, ensuring healthy, hazard-free food is one of the key issues for international organisations working in this field. To this end, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) work closely together, each in its area of competence (OIE, 2008). Since 2002, the OIE has had responsibility for animal production food safety. The renewed importance conferred by the Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement) to the OIE and to WHO/FAO has spurred the interest of countries around the humanity (Zessin K.H, 2002).Preliminary Environmental reportCattle rearing do carry certain direct and indirect impacts on the environment which require special assist while setting up a farm. Those impacts are mostly associated with solid and liquid waste originating from the farm such as wastewater from cleaning activities, urine, and manure. some early(a) problems such odour nuisance and flies nuisance are not to be omitted. In case the farm is near re posturential areas, consultation with neighbours and all other bodies who are likely to be affected by the farm is compulsory. According to Environmental Protection Act 2002, gunstock rearing on a outmatch of up to 20 heads require a Preliminary Environmental Report in which all the environmental and socio-economic parameters are addressed and their impacts are identify and taken into account in the project design (Anon, 2009b).dairy cattle breedingThere are mainly three types of farms in Mauritius. These are minor Scale farmsLocally cattle breeding are more of a family business. Cattle rearing are carried out in a traditional carriage in the backyard as a part time activity. The small cattle breeders also known as frightenkeepers mostly live in the country side and they own on average two to three lactati ng cows that are kept in enclosed shed(RATES, 2004). The level of inputs and management vary greatly among the farmers and they are generally low because of limited facilities and lack of financial resources.Medium Scale farmsMedium scale farm is quite similar to small scale farm. However they have slightly better management practices in terms of inputs (e.g. better feeding system) and modern techniques are applied e.g. use of milking machine ( Ackbarally N, 2009). walloping Scale farmsPresently there are two private farms namely Golden Cream Dairy farm ltd at Salazie and SKC Surat Co Ltd at Rose-Belle who are operating at large scale for commercial milk production. Another type of large scale farms which have almost ceased to exist is the Government Dairy farm. In the past there were three Government dairy farms that would keep around 200 head of cattle. Richelieu Livestock Breeding Station (RLPU) has been converted into a quarantine station and recently the Palmar Livestock Breedi ng Station has been closed. Presently there exists only the Curepipe livestock Research station where other species of livestock are also reared with the main objective to carry out research and development activities in livestock production and training for the benefit of farmers.Guiding objective for good dairy farming practiceThe guiding objective for good dairy farming practice is that milk should be produce on-farm from healthy animals at a lower place generally accepted conditions. This is achieved by applying good agricultural practice in the five areas.Health ManagementCows that produce milk need to be healthy and an effective health care programme should be in place. Animal health care includes different veterinary treatments given to the animals for early spotting of diseases, prevention of disease spread among healthy animals, prevention of transmission of zoonoses and to ensure traceability (FAO/IDF, 2004). It is important to have strict control of any animal introduct ions to prevent the figurehead of the infectious diseases onto the farm. Sick animals are liable to be a major source of disease to healthy animals and hence need to be segregated to reduce the chances of diseases spreading. In case where animals are imported or brought from other local farms, they need to be kept in isolation from the existing herd for about 30 days. This is done again to prevent contamination of existing herds by parasites and pathogens (AREU, 2004). Other activities such as vaccination and deworming schedules, hoof management and routine health assessment form part of a good Health Management.Guidelines to be followed for effective housing of cowsDairy housing systems have a real impact on the overall health and longevity of dairy cattle (Barberg A.E et al, 2007). In addition to keeping animals healthy, a critical part of husbandry is also to make sure they are kept visibly clean. It is of particular importance, to reduce the possibility of contamination of the food, for milking animals and for animals destined for slaughter not to have dirty outmost coats. A major influence on the cleanliness of the animals is the type of housing, the material apply as bedding and the underfoot conditions if the animals are kept outside (A M Johnston, 2000). Where cows are kept indoors it is important that competent and fit buildings be provided if the cows are to be fully productive. Good dairy farm buildings are extremely important in considering any of the hygienic aspects of milk handling (WHO, 1962). The design of the housing system is also important so that there is adequate quadrangle and facilities to optimize feeding, appealingness of manure, cleaning, washing, artificial insemination.The housing system can be either loose or tied system with adequate space and facilities to optimize feeding, collection of manure, cleaning, washing, artificial insemination and milking (AREU, 2007).LayoutThe general layout of a dairy farm should be accordin g to the number and category of animals to be housed. The cowhouse is a specialised building which should be carefully designed and constructed so as to provide comfortable and healthy housing for the cows and at the same time to alter them to be milked in clean conditions. Housing must be managed hygienically to avoid modify of animal. A standing of 1.5m long has been found most suitable to enable cows to lie clean, but with the smaller breeds of cow 1.4m or less may be sufficient (WHO, 1962). Moreover it should be free of hinderance and hazards dead ends, and steep and slippery path manners should be avoided. It should be resistant to adverse weather conditions and consequences thereof especially cyclones, unseasonal change causing cold or foment stress (FAO/IDF, 2004). The windows should be fitted with hinged shutters to be used in case of cyclonic conditions.FloorThe floor should be non-slippery to minimize slipping and bruising due to rough uneven floors. Unsuitable floors may inhibit mounting or lead to injuries during mating. The floor should be preferably sloping 10 cm above surround ground to enable drainage of urine in a canal leading to a suitable point of disposal as required by the Sanitary Authority (AREU, 2007).WallPlastering of the wall to a height of at least 1.5m is recommended to prevent accumulation of dirt, disease germs and to facilitate cleaning (WHO, 1962). cowbarn should be provided with at least two doors, one opening on the feeding passage and the other one on the manure cum milking passage. public exposure and lightingThe regular renewal of the air in a cowshed is essential for the maintenance of the health of the cows and prevention of contamination of milk (WHO, 1962). The cowshed should have sufficient openings to allow natural ventilation and adequate sunlight. This will enable proper supply of raw air to remove humidity, allow pepperiness dissipation and prevent build-up of gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia or slurry gases (FAO/IDF, 2004). Direct sunlight helps to keep the shed dry and would act as a germ killer.Water SupplyWater supply plays an imminent role in maintaining a proper sanitary balance in breeding farms. in like manner being used for drinking purpose, efficient water supply helps in cleaning and other activities leading to part of proper sanitation. The cow needs a lot of water (up to 50L daily) to be able to produce saliva for rumination and milk production. It is best to allow the animal continuous access to ample fresh and clean water (AREU, 2004). Water is an obvious potential source of pathogens because it can chair nutrients from feed or manure and be contaminated with pathogens, thereby service as a vehicle to contaminate or infect animals on consumption (CAST, 2004). E. coli 0157H7 is found commonly in water troughs on farms and feedlots and persists in these environments for as long as four months (Lejeune J.T et al, 2001). Water supplies should be clear and free of ex crement (FAO/IDF, 2004).Feed ManagementFor healthy living and proper growth, reproduction and milk production, dairy cattle require a daily balanced diet. The feed contains nutrient namely carbohydrates, fat, proteins, minerals (e.g. calcium, phosphorus) and vitamins (A, D, E, K). Moreover, foodstuffs which are fed to animals must be free from two pathogens and undesirable residues. Since Mauritius is mainly based on a zero-grazing system, breeders have to make provision for forage based on a cut-and-carry fodder system. The source of forages varies among breeders they are collected from Sugar Cane Estates or along roadsides, fallow lands, riverbanks, and state lands or vegetable fields (Heera M.K, 2008). Withholding periods should be applied to forage crops if they have been treated with agricultural chemical, prior to use as feed.Control storage conditions of feedThe different control measures in relation to feedstuffs and its storage are as followsFeeds intended for different sp ecies should be separated. No animal material should be included in dairy cattle feed rations.Appropriate storage conditions should be ensured to avoid feed contamination. It should be ensured that animals are not able to come into contact with contaminants in areas where these feed products are stored and mixed.Hay and dry feeds should be defend from a moist environment, silage and other fermented crops should be kept under hermetically sealed conditions(AREU,2004)Moldy feed should be rejected (FAO/IDF, 2004) feeding of any moldy stock feed to milking cows should be avoided. Particular care should be taken with wheat bran, silage, hay, bagasse, cotton seed cake as these contain poisonous fungal toxins that can be transferred to milk.Fungal mycotoxins may also be present in pasture. In New Zealand, the ingestion of saprophytic fungus containing the toxin, sporidesmin, causes the disease facial eczema with impaired liver function, photosensitivity, decreased milk production and some times death (Ferraud C, 1995). Although the disease is uncommon in other temperate countries, it is important to reach that increased forage use carries the risk of an increased incidence of pasture borne mycotoxicoses.MilkMilk plays an important role in our daily diet. Cows milk contains a wide array of key nutrients that help support human health. It is an excellent source of protein, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. Apart from being a nutritional food, milk has a high water activity, moderate pH of 6.4 to 6.6 and ample supply of nutrients, making for an excellent medium for microbial growth. There is wide spectrum of bacteria present in nature which can contaminate milk rendering it unsafe for human consumption or unfit for further processing.Human pathogens known or likely to contaminate raw milkMicroorganisms are widely present in animals and in their environment. Disease in animals is inevitable on farms, no intimacy how good the husbandry (Johnston, 2000). The diseases th at form the greatest threat to animals are caused by microorganisms that invade the body. Diseases could be infectious (of viral or bacterial origin), non-infectious (caused by parasites) or metabolic (caused by imbalanced diet). Specific infectious diseases are generally restricted to the large farms and metabolic diseases are more commonly seen in cattle belonging to small breeders (Sibartie D, 2001). Healthy dairy cattle are considered a reservoir for several of the most important food borne human disease pathogens (Tauxe, 1997). Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni are considered important treats to food safety because of the enormous number of illness they cause. Cattle have been shown to carry Salmonella at rates as high as 64% (CAST, 2004). Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli 0157H7 are priority pathogens because of the severity of symptoms associated with infection and because of the number of deaths that occur in infected people. All of these pathog ens are shed in cattle feces and can contaminate dairy farm premises including unpasteurised bulk tank milk (Ruegg P.L, 2003).Milk borne diseasesHuman-health threats from livestock come in two basic forms (i) zoonotic diseases, and (ii) food-borne illnesses. Zoonotic diseases are those that arise in animals but can be transmitted to humans. Potentially pandemic viruses, such as influenza, are the most newsworthy, but many others exist, including rabies, brucellosis and anthrax (FAO 2009).A joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee (1970) on milk hygiene classified milk-borne diseasesinfections of animals that can be transmitted to manPrimary importance Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Streptoccocal infections, Staphyloccocal enterotoxin poisoning, Salmonellosis, Q fever.Lesser importance cowpox, Foot and mouth disease, Anthrax, Leptospirosis and Tick-borne encephalitisinfections primary to man that can be transmitted through milkenteric fever and paratyphoid fevers, Shigellosis, Cholera, Enteropatho genic Escherchia coli, Non-diarrhoeal diseases, Streptococcal infections, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Enteroviruses and Viral hepatitis (Kamalam S, 2005)Outbreaks associated to milkWarnings to consumers about the risks of drinking raw milk have been stepped up over recent years because health professionals are trying to protect health and have seen a resurgence in milkborne diseases that had dropped dramatically with pasteurization, as raw milk has become voguish and its marketing has increased (Szwarc S, 2009).MastitisWorldwide, mastitis is the most common disease in dairy cattle (Tan et al, 2009). Mastitis is defined as an infection of the udder, caused by bacteria entering the arse through the teat end. According to the US national mastitis council(1996) mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland in response to injury for the purpose of destroying and neutralizing the infectious agents and to prepare the way for healing and return to normal fu nction ( Fadlelmoula A.A, 2007). This results in physiological, chemical and microbial changes in the milk. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria or even fungi, the most common in Mauritius being staphylococcus epidermidis (Sibartie D, 2001).Mastitis in dairy cattle represents a disease problem which is difficult to prevent or control effectively, since so many different workers have pointed out special instances which indicate that the susceptibility to mastitis manifested by related animals might have genetic al-Qaeda various studies have given heritability estimates for mastitis resistance ranging from 0.05 to 0.38 (Warwick E J et al, 1979).Principles of mastitis controlWorldwide, farmers have achieved tremendous success in reducing the incidence of contagious mastitis by adopting five basic principles of mastitis control (Ruegg P.L, 2003)Postmilking teat disinfectionUniversal dry cow antibiotic therapyAppropriate treatment of clinical casesCulling of chronically infected cows tied(p) milking machine maintenanceSources of contamination of raw milkThere are several principal sources of contamination of milk. From the time the milk leaves the udder, until it is dispersed into containers, everything with which it comes into contact is a potential source of more microorganisms.Within the udderHealthy UdderFor many years, it was believed that milk drawn directly from the udder of a healthy cow was a sterile fluid, that is, it contained no living microorganisms (Yirsaw A.W, 2004). In healthy cows, many microorganisms resides in the teat cistern, teat canal and teat apex. Natural flora in spite of appearance the udder of healthy animals is not considered to contribute significantly to the total numbers of microorganisms in the bulk milk, nor the potential increase in bacterial numbers during refrigerate storage (Murphy S.C et al, 2000). The first few streams of milk from each teat should be collected, separated, discarded. This flushes out the organisms th at entered the teat through the teat opening (FSA, 2006).Unhealthy UdderIn cows having mastitis, the infected udders can shed lots of microorganisms into the milk. Selim and Culor (1997) found that Streptococci and coliforms are the most dominant isolated bacteria from milk followed by Staphylococcus spp (Yagoub S.O et al, 2005 Murphy S.C et al, 2000).Exterior of the udderUsually the microorganisms from the skin of the animals and the microorganisms from the environment where the cow is kept and milked cause contamination to the exterior of the udder. Common organisms associated with the bedding materials are staphylococci, streptococci, coliforms, spore formers, and other gram-negative organisms (Murphy et al, 2000 Elmoslemany A.M, 2009).Surface of milk handling and storage equipmentThe most important factor affecting the total bulk milk bacteria count is the cleanliness of the milking system. Utensils and equipment are known to be the greatest sources of contaminants. They may ac count for as much as 100,000 to billion organisms per milliliter (Murphy S.C et al, 2000). Pails, strainers, milking machines, cans, pipes bottles, and other equipment used for the handling of milk are sometimes not properly washed and sanitized. Organisms survive in the cracks, corners, crevices, dents, scratches and other irregularities of the utensils. Such neglect affords ideal conditions for the growth of microorganisms before the utensils are being used again. Refrigeration is also essential to prevent or slow the growth of bacteria in raw milk.Sanitary practicesThe consumers are nowadays well sure about food hygiene and they demand high standards of milk quality. Hence it is fundamental that breeders respect the quality criteria of their product to satisfy the demand and to remain in competition. Milking performed under strict hygienic conditions, with strict attention to sanitary practices, will reduce the entry of microorganisms into the milk. Naturally the fewer the organ isms that get into the milk, the fewer have a chance to grow.Personal hygiene of milk handlerAt all stages hygiene is necessary to prevent contamination of milk. This starts from the person first handling the milk that is the milker and all throughout its handling. It is the responsibility of the milker to follow strict level of personal hygiene to prevent direct contamination of the milk.Personal hygiene of milk handler includes the following (CAC, 2004)The milker should be in good health those with an open wound or suffering from any skin disease or any other contagious disease should not come in contact with the milk. Any injury on hands or forearms must be covered with a water-resistant bandage.He should possess a valid food handler certificate issued by Sanitary Authority impelling washing of hands and arms with proper means adequate clean water, soap, nail brush, and thereafter drying hands and arms with a clean cloth or disposable paper towel.He should properly trim nails and must not wear ring or any other jewelry so as not to injure the udder or teats.Neat appearance wearing clean clothes, hair cap to cover hair.Smoking is not permitted in areas for milking, and milk storage (FSA, 2006).Pre-milking practicesA good milking technique is essential for the production of safe raw milk. Cleaning of teats before milking is important to remove both visible soiling (e.g. feces, bedding, mud, residual post milking disinfectant) and bacteria which could contaminate the milk. Washing with water gives the cleanest udder, teat and flank. The water should be between 200C to 400C. Long hairs from the flank and udder should be distant regularly. The wet udder should be dried with paper towel which should be used only once to prevent the spread of bacteria and other pathogens to other cows. If paper towels are not available, sterilized cloth can be used but should be replaced regularly. Thorough washing and drying may be followed by treating with disinfectant (e.g. so dium hypochlorite solution or Dipal), an approved pre-dip solution which must be effectively removed before hand milking or cluster attachment. The use of predipping using iodine has demonstrated to reduce standard plate count and coliform counts in raw milk by five- and six-fold respectively as compared to other methods of premilking udder preparation (Galton et al, 1986). The overall reduction of microbial loads in raw milk through the use of predipping should result in reduced numbers of zoonotic pathogens. Predipping has been shown to reduce the risk of listeria monocytogenes in milk filters by almost four-fold (Ruegg, 2003).Foremilk rejectionBefore the real milking can start each quarter should be inspected for physical/chemical/organoleptic abnormalities by checking the foremilk. The first milk should be spread on a saturnine surface, a foremilk cup or a dark tile. Abnormal milk shows discoloration, flakes, shreds, clots, blood spots and/or wateriness (Bonnier et al, 2004). I f the milk shows such warning signs then the milk should be kept aside because of the risks to humans. The inquiry of milk must also be done before attaching milking units. Fore-milking assists early detection of mastitis removes potentially contaminated milk from the teat canal and stimulates milk allow down. Cows with infected udder (mastitis) and those under treatment with antibiotics should be milked last and the contaminated milk disposed of properly (FSA, 2006).Post-milking practicesAfter fore-milking the milker will be aware if milk quality is satisfactory or not. If milk is free from warning signs, milking of the healthy udder can carried out for human consumption. To milk the cow clean, dry hand must be used and the whole hand should be used instead of only thumb and forefinger because the latter trance is considered bad for udder health and flow rate (Bonnier et al, 2004).Equipment used during milkingAs soon as milk comes out from the udder it gets into contact with the surface of the receiver vessel for example bucket/pail or aluminium can. Surfaces are usually metal, stainless steel, tinned steel or plastic and they should all be kept in good hygienic conditions. Nowadays Stainless Steel is used as the material of construction for Dairy and Food processing equipments knowledge base over to achieve the most exact requirements for easy maintenance, sanitation, product preservation, corrosion resistance and to avoid health hazardous effects of aluminium and plastic (http//www.busiverse.com/dairyproducts). The design of milking equipment, where used, and cans, should ensure there are no crevices or recesses that can interfere with proper cleaning (CAC, 2004).Chapter 3 MethodologyData collectionData collection was done by carrying out a questionnaire based survey. The questionnaire assessed the various sanitary practices and perceptions on the dairy farms. Desk study of recent reports on cattle breeding firmament was also conducted to get relevant information on the topic. Moreover key informants like the Agricultural Research Extension Unit situated at St capital of South Dakota and the Veterinary Service Division at Reduit were approached. An appointment was fixed through contacts by email and phone call. After interviewing the concerned party, an idea of the current situation as concerned the cattle breeding of the livestock sector was obtained. The names, contact numbers and addresses of the dairy cattle breeders around the island were obtained. Statistical data was obtained from the government website of key statistic division.Questionnaire designThe study was based on questionnaire survey among the dairy cattle breeders. While designing the questionnaire, the data collected was considered. The survey covered both management practices used on the farm and it was also composed of questions regarding beliefs and opinions about selected dairy breeding farm issues. The questionnaire consisted of different parts namely the sanitary condition of the cowshed, Pre-milking practices, post milking practices, and animal health. The types of questions used were mainly close ended type and only a few open ended.Sample sizeThe sampling population was the dairy cattle breeders in Mauritius. It is obvious that the whole population cannot be surveyed, thus a total of 26 breeders were randomly selected using random numbers from a sampling frame that included addresses of all dairy cattle breeders registered by AREU. The her